• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.3-10
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• 1997

The purpose of this research was to complete basic study about standardization of corrugated fibreboard containers for apples. Various corrugated fibreboard containers are studied and the results are shown below. 1. WLK, SK, and KA are usually used for outer liner boards, S and $K_2$ are for medium or inner liner boards. 2. According to the study, about twenty different liner compositions are currently used for apple packaging. However, for the containers with white liner board, the liner composition is WLK210/M200/S120/$M200/K_{2}200$, for the containers with colored liner board, SK180/M200/S120/$M200/K_{2}200$ are mostly used. 3. Sixteen percents of cost saving are expected when subsitute white outer liner boards by those of colored.

• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.285-286
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• 2009

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.196.2-197
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• 2003

Parkinson's disease (PO) is a widespread neurodegenerative disorder. Even though PD has been studied in many aspects, it is still unknown the molecular signaling mechanisms linking reactive oxygen species (ROS) and neuronal apoptosis in PD. A better understanding of cellular mechanisms that occur in Parkinson's disease is essential for development of new therapies. In this study we investigated the signaling molecules involved in neuronal apoptosis induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in human SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells as a model cellular system. (omitted)

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1321-1331
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• 2018

The aim of this study was to separate the photosensitizer that induces apoptosis of U937 and SK-HEP-1 cells from Nostoc commune. Dried N. commune was extracted with $CH_2Cl_2/MeOH$ (1:1) to separate the photosensitizer using various chromatographic techniques. The isolated compound was identified as pheophytin a ($C_{55}H_{74}N_4O_5$) with a molecular weight of 870. Its photodynamic activities were assessed under different irradiation conditions (light and non-light) at the same concentration range of $1.15-23.0{\mu}M$. The apoptosis inducing activity in U937 or SK-HEP-1 cells appeared only in the light. The mechanisms underlying the pheophytin a-mediated photodynamic inhibition of cancer cells were further investigated by examining cell morphology changes, cytotoxicity, caspase-3/7 activity, fluorescence staining, flow cytometry analysis, and DNA fragmentation in these two cell lines. The positive control and the light irradiation group showed typical apoptotic responses, including morphological changes, cytotoxicity, caspase activity, nucleus shrinkage owing to chromatin condensation, DNA laddering, and the presence of apoptotic bodies. Cytotoxicity markedly increased in a dose-dependent manner after a 12 hr exposure. Caspase-3/7 activity was higher in U937 cells than in SK-HEP-1 cells. Apoptosis induction therefore appeared to be both concentration- and light-dependent. In conclusion, pheophytin a, isolated from the blue green alga N. commune, had a photodynamic apoptosis-inducing effect on U937 and SK-HEP-1 cells. The findings reported here can be used as basic data for the development of next-generation photosensitizers from N. commune.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.74-80
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• 2013

Three new Multi ${\times}$ Bi combinations M.Con.4 ${\times}$ (SK6 ${\times}$ SK7), M.Con.4 ${\times}$ NB4D2 and Nistari ${\times}$ (SK6 ${\times}$ SK7) were studied in five seasons i.e. during the period of $18^{th}$ June - $12^{th}$ July, $30^{th}$ August - $23^{rd}$ September, $3^{rd}$ November - $2^{nd}$ December, $29^{th}$ January- $2^{nd}$ March and $30^{th}$ March-$25^{th}$ April with one control Nistari ${\times}$ NB4D2 considering nine reeling characteristics along with shell percent and cocoon yield per 100 disease free layings (DFLs) to establish the seasonal effect on all the parameters. Results reveal that all the characters performed well in November-December. Highest yield per 100 DFLs was recorded during November-December in all combinations showing >60 kg yield. Higher correlation of yield/100 DFLs with filament length, non-breakable filament length, denier, raw silk percent, reelability percent and recovery percent was recorded in all combinations of Multi ${\times}$ Bi considered in this study. Variability observed among four combinations indicates the effect of different temperature and humidity of different seasons on expression of different traits. The results indicate that there is significant relationship of raw silk percent with reelability percent, recovery percent and evenness. Reelability percent showed higher correlation with recovery percent. It was observed that neatness was positively correlated with evenness. The overall performance of the newly evolved combinations with regard to productivity and reeling characteristics is discussed emphasizing their utilization at commercial level.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.55-65
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• 2010

Background: Nitric oxide (NO) is a reactive free radical gas and a messenger molecule. NO has many physiological functions, but excessive NO production induces neurotoxicity. Objective: The present study investigated whether the aqueous extract of Polygala tenuifolia Willdenow possesses a protective effect on NO-induced apoptosis in human neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-MC. Method: For this study, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, DNA fragmentation assay, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blot, and caspase-3 enzyme assay were performed. Result: Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) exposure significantly decreased the viability of cells. The cells treated with SNP exhibited several apoptotic features such as increasing of Bax expression, caspase-3 enzyme activity and inhibiting of Bcl-2 expression. On the other hand, the viability of cells pre-treated with the aqueous extract of Polygala tenuifolia Willdenow was increased dose-dependently. The cells pre-treated for 1 h with the aqueous extract of Polygala tenuifolia Willdenow followed by treatment with SNP showed a decreased occurrence of apoptotic features like decreasing Bax expressions, caspase-3 enzyme activity and increasing Bcl-2 expressions. The aqueous extract of Polygala tenuifolia Willdenow reduced apoptotic cell death in neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-MC through the inhibition of Bax-dependent caspase-3 activation and the increasing of Bcl-2 expression. Conclusion: Based on the present results, it is possible that Polygala tenuifolia Willdenow has therapeutic value for the treatment of a variety of NO-induced brain diseases.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2009.10a
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• pp.350-353
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• 2009

In the present study, the effect of initial microstructure, cold reduction ratio, and annealing temperature on the spherodization rate of SK85 high carbon steel sheet was investigated. High carbon steel sheet fabricated by POSCO was soaked at $800^{\circ}C$ for 2 hr in a box furnace and then treated at $570^{\circ}C$ for 5 min in a salt bath furnace followed by water quenching to obtain a fine pearlite structure. Cold rolling was conducted on the sheets of fine pearlite by reduction ratios of 20, 30, and 40% and heat treatment for spheroidization was carried out at 600 and $720^{\circ}C$ for the various time intervals from 0.1 to 32 hrs. Area fraction of spheroidized cementite was measured with an image analyzer as a function of cold reduction ratios and duration times.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.311-317
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• 2009

Ginkgo biloba (G. biloba) extract is a widely used phytomedicine for the oral treatment of peripheral vascular disease. Cilostazol is a synthetic antiplatelet and vasodilating agent for the treatment of intermittent claudication resulting from peripheral arterial disease. It is likely to use concomitantly G. biloba extract and cilostazol for the treatment of peripheral arterial disease, which raises a concern of increasing their adverse effects of herbal-drug interactions. To clarify any possible herbal-drug interaction between G. biloba extract and cilostazol, the effect of the G. biloba extract on the pharmacokinetics of cilostazol was investigated. As cilostazol is known to be eliminated mainly by cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated metabolism, we investigated the effects of G. biloba extract on the human CYP enzyme activities and the effect of G. biloba extract on the pharmacokinetics of cilostazol after co-administration of the two agents to male beagle dogs. The G. biloba extract inhibited more or less CYP2C8, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 enzyme activities in the in vitro microsomal study with $IC_{50}$ values of 30.8, 60.5, and $25.2{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. In the pharmacokinetic study, co-administration with the G. biloba extract had no significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of cilostazol in dogs, although CYP2C has been reported to be responsible for the metabolism of cilostazol. In conclusion, these results suggest that there may not be a pharmacokinetic interaction between G. biloba extract and cilostazol.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.67-75
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• 2006

The natural plants were screened for new cosmetic materials. Many parts of Nelumbo nucifera has been investigated for anti-wrinkling and anti-furrowing effects. The leaves. flowers and stamens of Nelumbo nucifera were extracted with ethanol or distilled water. The effects of cell viability and $H_2O_2-induced$ cytotoxicity were studied on CCD-986sk human fibroblast cell line by MTT assay. We measured various effects related to skin such as the synthesis of MMP-1 and type I procollagen. The ethanol extract of Nelumbo nucifera leaves (ENL) at concentrations of 30 ${\mu}g/ml$ showed maximum cell viability on CCD-986sk cells by 129.70%. and $H_2O_2-induced$ cytotoxicity was blocked by ENL (5. 10. 20. 30. and 40 ${\mu}g/ml$) concentration-dependently. The synthesis of MMP-1 and type I procollagen were positive in ENL. These results suggest that ENL has anti-oxidant and anti-furrowing effects.

• Journal of Breast Disease
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.39-45
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• 2018

Purpose: Dieckol, a phlorotannin compound isolated from Ecklonia cava, has been reported to have antioxidant, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate its anticancer effects on human breast cancer cell lines. Methods: In this study, the viability of two human breast cancer cell lines SK-BR-3 and MCF-7 was investigated after dieckol treatment using a WST-1 assay. Apoptosis and cell cycle distribution were assayed via Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate and propidium iodide staining followed by flow cytometric analysis. Immunoblotting analysis was also performed using Bax/Bcl-2 to determine whether the dieckol-induced apoptosis was mediated by the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Results: In a dose dependent manner, dieckol reduced the number of viable cells and increased the number of apoptotic cells. The effect of dieckol on the cell cycle distribution was analyzed using flow cytometry. Dieckol treatment significantly increased the percentage of MCF-7 and SK-BR-3 in the G2/M phase. Immunoblot analysis revealed that 24 hours of dieckol exposure increased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Conclusion: Dieckol induced cytotoxicity in MCF-7 and SK-BR-3 human breast cancer cells inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Therefore, it is suggested that dieckol may be a potential therapeutic agent for breast cancer.