• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.105-114
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• 2011

There are various kinds of Large-Scale apartment sites in Seoul. There are more households in apartment sites than single family houses. Nowadays, it is easy to find a lot of apartment sites built in the style of a high rise building. On the matter of space, a building is influenced by the buildings near it. The influence a building has to another is different in both qualitative and quantitative ways. Therefore, in the case of apartment sites, the environmental surroundings of each household is affected by the nearby buildings. For these reasons, the environment is having more and more influence on the price of each household in apartment sites. This paper has defined Sunshine and Sky as the major environmental elements. In order to be analyzed, they have to be measurable. Thus, there are two types of variables in environmental surrounding of apartment sites, -the Duration of Sunshine and the possible amount of visible Sky- the significant variables which influence the housing price. This paper deals with the relationship between the possible duration of sunshine and the possible amount of sky a household is visible to. It focused on 62 different apartment sites which were built after 1990. It is based on the 3-dimensional Geographic Information System & Computer Aided Engineering for analyzing the sunshine simulation and the viewing simulation. This paper will be helpful for designing the apartment sites considering the balance between sunshine and sky.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 1997.10a
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• pp.1.1-32
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• 1997

Atmospheric monitoring capabilities were established in 1988 by the University of Florida at Duke forest, near Durham. NC: Cary forest, near Gainesville, FL: and Austin forest, near Nacogdoches, TX. Continuous (hourly averaged) measurements of air quality (ozone, nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide) and meteorological variables were made at these three low elevation (< 200 meters), rural locations in the southeastern U.S. for more than three years. During the same period at these sites wet and dry acid deposition samples were collected and analyzed on an event and weekly basis, respectively The monitoring locations were selected to determine actual atmospheric exposure indices for southern pine species in support of on-site surrogate exposure chamber studies conducted by Southern Commercial Forest Research Cooperative (SCFRC) investigators. Daily and quarterly averaged ozone maxima were higher (55 ppb) at the northernmost site in the network (Duke forest) in the second and third quarters (spring and summer seasons) and lower (35 ppb) in the first and fourth quarters (winter and fall seasons), when compared to ozone levels at the two southernmost sites (Cary and Austin forests). Seasonal ozone levels at the latter two sites were similar Nitrogen oxieds and sulfur dioxide levels were insignificant (< 5 ppb) most of the time at all sites, although soil emissions of NO at two sites were found to influence nighttime ozone concentrations. Typical maximum quarterly and annual aggregate ozone exposure indices were significantly higher at Duke forest (92.5/259 ppm-hr) than those values observed at the two southern sites (65.6/210 ppm-hr). Acid deposition (wet and dry) components concentrations and deposition fluxes observed at the Duke forest, NC piedmont site, were generally greater, dependent on site and season, than corresponding variables measured at either of the two southern coastal plain sites (Cary and Austin forests). Acid deposition variables observed at the latter two sites were remarkably similar, both qualitatively and quantitatively, although the sites were located 1300 km apart. A comparison of deposition fluxes of elemental nitrogen (NO3, NH4') and sulfur (5042-, SO3) components in wet and dry forms indicated that wet deposition accounts for approximately 70% of the total nitrogen and 73% of the total sulfur input on an annual equivalent basis at all sites.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.145-151
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• 2002

Phylogenetic signal present in the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene (16S rDNA) and the nuclear large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (28S rDNA) was explored to assess their utility in resolving family level relationships of the superfamily Tephritoidea. These two genes were chosen because they appear to evolve at different rates, and might contribute to resolve both shallow and deeper phylogenetic branches within a highly diversified group. For the 16S rDNA data set, the number of aligned sites was 1,258 bp, but 1,204 bp were used for analysis after excluding sites of ambiguous alignment. Among these 1,204 sites, 662 sites were variable and 450 sites were informative for parsimony analysis. For the 28S rDNA data set, the number of aligned sites was 1,102 bp, but 1,000 bp were used for analysis after excluding sites of ambiguous alignment. Among these 1000 sites, 235 sites were variable and 95 sites were informative for parsimony analysis. Our analyses suggest that: (1) while 16S rDNA is useful for resolving more recent phylogenetic divergences, 28S rDNA can be used to define much deeper phylogenetic branches; (2) the combined analysis of the 16S and 28S rDNAs enhances the overall resolution without losing phylogenetic signal from either single gene analysis; and (3) additional genes that evolve at intermediate rates between the 16S and 28S rDNAs are needed to further resolve relationships among the tephritoid families.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.273-285
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• 2005

This study examined the structure and contents of the information provided by the web sites, in terms of clarity, business goal, authority, sustainment of operation and responsibility of customer care, as well as menus. The findings from the analysis of 217 web sites selected from 5 major portal sites, are 1) most of catering business over internet are located around Seoul area, 2) almost 80% of the selected sites are administered by professional agents or firms while the remnants by individuals, 3) except menu and price, any additional information is hardly shown, 4) about three quarter of the sites opened after 2001, that is coherent with the trend of the growth of internet users and eating-out, 5) it is strongly required to create healthful cyber space for the customers, 6) a small number of the sites(12.4%) try to manage access from customers, 7) many sites(73.7%) open the channels for feedback from the customers 8) among the types of catering services offered by the sites, home party is the most popular and the kinds of cuisine, Korean, Japanese, and Chinese, are divided into almost same proportion of the sites, 9) the average number of dishes is 33.5, 10) they offer 7 to 8 different dishes of grain, 4 to 6 of meat, 4 to 10 of fishes, 5 to 13 of vegetables, 1 of fruits, and 1 to 3 of dairy products, 11) The majority of price level is ₩15,001 - ₩20,000.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.15-22
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• 2018

The main objective of this study was to analyse heavy metals in sediments obtained from Gwangan bridge and to evaluate pollution intensity of the sites. To evaluate pollution intensity of the sites, we used enrichment factor (EF), geoaccumulation index, potential ecological risk factor (PERF), and mean PEL quotient. Pollution intensities of these sites were evaluated by above methods, and we found most dangerous heavy metal and polluted sites. All sites showed non polluted or low risk for the heavy metals such as Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, but all sites were categorized as minor enrichment for Cd. G4 was evaluated as moderately polluted by Cd ($I_{geo}$) but other sites were unpolluted by heavy metals. In summary, Cd was found to be higher concentrations for all sites. For G4 and G5 sites, Pb and Zn in addition to Cd were higher than other sites.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.109-118
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to clarify the optimum locational environment of Neolithic Age and Bronze Age dwelling sites in Yeongjong-do, Incheon in terms of geographical characteristics. To make this possible, the micro-landform location environment of individual dwelling sites has been analyzed targeting 145 dwelling sites of Neolithic Age and 47 dwelling sites of Bronze Age in which quantitative analysis is possible among the dwelling sites verified in the investigation area until now. As a result, the micro-landform of hills where Neolithic Age and Bronze Age dwelling sites are crowded the most has been determined as the upper side hollow (64 dwelling sites, 44.1%) and the crest slope (39 dwelling sites, 83%), respectively. This means that the optimum locational environment of dwelling sites has been changed as the times have progressed from Neolithic Age to Bronze Age in the investigation area and the location of micro-landform of hills also where dwelling sites are located also has relatively moved up a little seen in terms of geographical perspective.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.61-80
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• 1996

This research study presents historic revolutionary sites in North Korea. In this study, the creation of historic revolutionary sites in North Korea after the Liberation of Korea in 1945, as yet unpublished in the field of landscape architecture and urban planning, is investigated. For conducting this study, the method of true and urban planning, is investigated. For conducting this study, the method of archival research, in which regarding documents, plans and photographs are investigated, was used. This study covers notions, establishment, related laws and regulations, distribution and present status, developmental stages, concrete examples, and general characteristics, of historic revolutionary sites in North Korea. In North Korea, historic revolutionary sites mean all the places where revolutionary achievements of Kim, Ill-Sung and his family are reached. Those sites have been actively created for the purpose of the idolization of Kim, Ill-Sung since the 1960s. In recent years, the sites have been revobated and new places of this kind have been constructed, so that various idolization facilities and structures are now everywhere in North Korea. Historic revolutionary sites are mainly distributed now everywhere in North Korea. Historic revolutionary sites are mainly distributed now everywhere in North Korea. Historic revolutionary sites are mainly distributed in Pyungyang, the forest areas of Mt. Pakdu, the areas along the shore of the Tuman River and the Abrock River. In those sites, various historic revolutionary relics are preserved, and the statues of Kim, Ill-Sung, historic revolutionary monuments, revolutionary museums and other facilities are constructed. These places can not be regarded as planned spaces for people in true the meaning of place, and accordingly they must be reconstructed for people's use. They can be redeveloped as places of history, culture and deucation, theme parks, green open spaces, and sight-seeing facilities after unification of Korea. This study can be used as valuable information for further study especially for the reconstruction planning of the places in preparation for a probable unified Korea. For a profound study, North Korea must open broader and more accurately detailed documents, regarding historic revolutionary sites, to the outside world, and the South Korean Government must also have a sense of co-ownership of the information about North Korea rather than exclusive possession and restrictions. Ultimately, academic exchange between South and North Korea must be realized and on-the-spot surveys must be carried out so as to find a reasonable land use plan for the historic revolutionary sites for a future unified Korea.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2014

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the characteristics of leachate discharged from livestock burial sites in Gangwondo resulting from foot-and-mouth disease by monitoring the water quality at the survey tube-wells installed near livestock burial sites in order to investigate the effect of the leachate on the quality of nearby underground water and suggest a water pollution level in accordance with water quality evaluation criteria. Methods: To minimize the secondary environmental pollution damage caused by leachate at burial sites of livestock killed by foot-and-mouth disease, this study analyzed the leachate directly discharged from burial sites and installed survey tube-wells within 300 meters of livestock burial sites and investigated water quality as a means to ascertain the environmental effect of the leachate from the burial sites. In accordance with environmental management guidelines on livestock burial sites, this research investigated the water quality in the survey tube-wells in fifty five burial sites in Gangwondo. The elements investigated were $NH_3$-N, $Cl^-$, $NO_3$-N, conductivity, and E. coli. Water quality was monitored from 2011 to 2013. Results: The water quality from the drain pipe at the location of leachate from livestock burial sites showed BOD 37,209 mg/L, COD 8,829 mg/L, $NH_3$-N 3,633 mg/L, and $Cl^-$ 580 mg/L. According to the monitoring results of water quality ($Cl^-$, $NH_3$-N, conductivity) at the survey tube-wells, there was suspicion that 13 out of 55 burial sites discharged leachate, five sites discharged highly concentrated leachate (13%): one in Gangneung, one in Wonju, and three in Cheorwon. Conclusion: It was judged that out of thirteen observation wells which showed a possibility of discharged leachate, three survey tube-wells have established the discharge effect of leachate at burial sites up to recently. Therefore, it is judged that it is necessary to continue monitoring them and devise additional measures.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2017

The present study is designed to examine categories and characteristics of the scenic sites depicted in the "Joseon MyungSeung SiSun(Collection of Poems on Joseon Dynasty Scenic Sites, 朝鮮名勝詩選)" written by Narushima Sakimura(成島鷺村) during the early period of the Japanese Colonization to introduce the scenic sites of the Korean Peninsula. Introduction and forewords are construed in order to define the purpose of the Collection, and thorough analysis are conducted on category, location, and distinct characteristics of approximately 1,700 scenic sites described in the body. From the study, it is identified that there are twice as many cultural landscapes introduced in the Collection than natural landscapes, and the most frequently introduced sites are historical Buddhist sites, pavilions, famous mountain in the respective order. Further, the study reveals that the Collection makes reference of the verses written by virtuous Korean scholars in order to broaden the significance of the scenic sites, and also that the Collection marks the time period when the new scenic sites with symbolic implications of the modern period at the turn of the Japanese colonial period are began to be introduced. Such new scenic sites include modern parks and commemorative structures, beaches, train stations, etc. Nevertheless, the scope of study presents limitation as its scope of analysis does not take the changing perceptions of people on scenic sites before and after the colonial period into consideration, and also further comparative analysis on other documentations made record on the scenic sites of the Korean Peninsula will need to be continued in the future studies.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.117-122
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• 1998

D-raf, a Drosophila homolog of the human c-raf-1, is known as a signal transducer in cell proliferation and differentiation. A previous study found that the D-raf gene expression is regulated by the DNA replication-related element (DRE)/DRE-binding factor (DREF) system. In this study, we found the sequences homologous to transcription factor C/EBP, MyoD, STAT and Myc recognition sites in the D-raf promoter. We have generated various base substitutional mutations in these recognition sites and subsequently examined their effects on D-raf promoter activity through transient CAT assays in Kc cells with reporter plasmids p5'-878DrafCAT carrying the mutations in these binding sites. Through gel mobility shift assay using nuclear extracts of Kc cells, we detected factors binding to these recognition sites. Our results show that transcription factor C/EBP, STAT and Myc binding sites in D-raf promoter region play a positive role in transcriptional regulation of the D-raf gene and the Myo D binding site plays a negative role.