• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.127-134
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• 2011

The purpose of the study was to assess and compare the diversity of plant species (trees, shrubs, herbs) of natural forest and plantations. A total of 52 plant species were recorded in the natural forest, of which 16 were trees, 15 were shrubs and 21 were herbs. On the contrary, 31 species of plants including 11 trees, 8 shrubs and 12 herbs were identified in plantation forest. Shannon-Wiener diversity index were 2.70, 2.72 and 3.12 for trees, shrubs and herbs respectively in the natural forest. However, it was 2.35 for tree species, 2.31 for shrub species and 2.81 for herb species in the plantation forest. Jaccard's similarity index showed that 71% species of trees, 44% species of shrubs and 43% species of herbs were same in plantations and natural forest.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제1권4호
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• pp.577-581
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• 1997

Species diversity of subcortical arthropod communities were assessed in two tropical regions and two temperate regions. In the tropics, communities of subcortical arthropods were more diverse in La Selva, Costa Rica, than on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Costa Rican communties yielses higher values of both Shannon and Simpson diversity indices than Panamanian communities. Compared to Panamanian communities, Costa Rican ones supported higher measures of both species richness and evenness. Between the two temperate regions, communities of subcortical arthropods in Korea scored consistently higher values of both Shannon and Simpson indices than the ones in eastern Massachusetts, U.S.A. When individual diversity components were compared, however, Korean communities yielded exceptionally high evenness measures but lower species richness than the communities in the U.S.A. Unusually high evenness values of Korean subcortical arthropods were due to extremely low population densities of all component species.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.10-26
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• 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether various saliva collection methods affect the observed salivary microbiome and whether microbiomes of stimulated and unstimulated saliva and plaque differ in richness and diversity. Methods: Seven sampling methods for unstimulated saliva, stimulated saliva, and plaque samples were applied to six orally and systemically healthy participants. Bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA genes of 10 major oral bacterial species, namely, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus sobrinus, and Lactobacillus casei, were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. We comprehensively examined the dependence of the amount of bacterial ribosomal DNA (rDNA), bacterial-community composition, and relative abundance of each species on sample collection methods. Results: There were significant differences in the bacterial rDNA copy number depending on the collection method in three species: F. nucleatum, P. nigrescens, and S. mitis. The species with the highest richness was S. mitis, with the range from 89.31% to 100.00%, followed by F. nucleatum, P. nigrescens, T. denticola, T. forsythia, and P. intermedia, and the sum of the proportions of the remaining five species was less than 1%. The species with the lowest observed richness was P. gingivalis (<0.1%). The Shannon diversity index was the highest in unstimulated saliva collected with a funnel (4.449). The Shannon diversity index was higher in plaque samples (3.623) than in unstimulated (3.171) and stimulated (3.129) saliva and in mouthwash saliva samples (2.061). Conclusions: The oral microbial profile of saliva samples can be affected by sample collection methods, and saliva differs from plaque in the microbiome. An easy and rapid technique for saliva collection is desirable; however, observed microbial-community composition may more accurately reflect the actual microbiome when unstimulated saliva is assayed.

• 한국해양바이오학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.1-18
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• 2024

Coastal dunes must be conserved. Their native halophytes support coastal geography while their symbiotic microorganisms help vegetation thrive. The Goraebul coast has the largest, well-conserved dune system on the East Sea of the Korean Peninsula due to a climax mixed halophyte (C. soldanella, C. kobomugi, and E. mollis) vegetation support. This study identified rhizobacteria and their diversity in mixed halophyte communities unique to Goraebul. Five phyla, 12 genera, and 21 species were identified based on 16S rDNA sequences from 65 isolates. The phylum Bacillota, class Bacillota, order Bacillales, and family Bacillaceae were identified, with Bacillus as the dominant genus (46.15%). The richness and Shannon's diversity were higher at the species than at the genus level due to the dominance of Bacillus; however, various Bacillus species (7) were identified. Therefore, the climax mixed vegetation adapted to the Goraebul coast may exert natural selection pressure in favor of the common characteristics of Bacillus. However, despite this advantage, the Shannon equitability (0.86), Simpson (0.08), and Shannon diversity (2.79) indexes indicate a stable rhizosphere cluster and the climax mixed vegetation is affected by symbiotic relationships between healthy rhizosphere microbiota.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.270-282
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• 1997

설악산 국립공원 신흥사-와선대 지역의 산림군집구조를 분석하여 국립공원 관리를 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 60개의 조사구를 설정하였으며, DCA분석결과 소나무군집과 졸참나무군집으로 분리되었다. 소나무군집은 장기적으로 아교목층과 관목층에서 세력이 우세한 졸참나무로의 천이진행이 예상되었으며, 졸참나무군집은 대경목 위주인 소나무의 세력은 계속감소되고 졸참나무와 신갈나무를 중심으로 한 참나무류로 유지될 것으로 판단되었다. 소나무군집과 졸참나무군집에서 Shannon의 종다양도지수는 각각 1.2554, 1.1134, 조사구 100m$^{2}$당 종수는 7~26종, 평균종수는 13종 이었다.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.253-258
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• 2014

The study attempts to assess the status, distribution, conservation and use value of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant (MAPs) in the Sagarmatha National Park. Altogether 62 species of MAPs belonging to 47 genera and 33 families have been recorded in the study area. 10 species, belonging to 9 families are categorized as the potential species. Out of the these species, most potential in local but threatened species are Allium hypsistum Stearn, Cordyceps sinensis Sacc, Dactylorhiza hatagirea Soo, Nardostachys grandiflora DC, Aconitum orochryseum, Ephedra gerardiana Wall. Ex. Stapf, Swertia multicaulis D. Don, Picrorhiza scrophulariflora Penne, Rheum australe. D. Don, Malva verticillataL and Swertia pedicallata Benerji. By analysis of data using Simpson's diversity index (SI) and Shannon weaver function (H'), there was high diversity (more heterogeneous) MAPs species composition in the Manjo Gate to Large Dobhan. (0.98349). Less diversity (less heterogeneous) MAPs species composition was in Tyanboche to Pangoche (0.90419). Similarly, the Shannon weaver function shows that in plots laying out in Mongla to Phorche are evenly distributed than others However, higher MAPs species (i.e., 31) was found in the way of Manjo Gate to Larja Dobhan than others.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.183-190
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• 2018

Backgrounds: The main purpose of this research was to assess changes in vegetation structure, wetland index, and diversity index for a 15-year-old created wetland in Jincheon, South Korea. The created wetland consists of four sub-wetlands: a kidney-shaped wetland, a ditch, an ecological pond, and a square wetland. Vegetation and water depth data were collected at each site in 1999 and 2013, and Shannon diversity and wetland indices were calculated. Results: The total number of plant species increased from 18 in 1999 to 50 in 2013, and the ecological pond in 1999 and the ditch in 2013 presented the highest diversity indices (2.5 and 3.2, respectively). Plant species were less diverse in 1999 than in 2013, presumably because these initial wetlands were managed periodically for water purification and installation of test beds. The proportion of wetland plants, including obligate wetland and facultative wetland species, decreased from 83 to 56%, whereas upland plants, including obligate upland and facultative upland species, increased from 17 to 44%. After ceasing water supply, water depth in all four sub-wetlands declined in 2013. Thus, upland plants established more readily at these sites, resulting in higher diversity and lower wetland indices than in 1999. Conclusions: The major floristic differences between 1999 and 2013 were an increase in the number of upland plants and a decrease in wetland species. Although wetland indices were lower in 2013, the created wetland performed important ecosystem functions by providing habitats for wetland and upland plants, and the overall species diversity was high.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2011

The present study was undertaken in middle altitudinal (1500 to 2500 masl) moist temperate forest of Mandal-Chopta area in the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand, India. The aim of the present study was to assess the variation in species composition and diversity in different vegetation layers viz. herb, shrub and tree, at different altitudes. Shannon-Wiener diversity index ($\bar{H}$), $Nha^{-1}$, total basal cover per hectare (G), Simpson concentration of dominance, Pielou Equitability, species richness (SR), Margalef index, Menheink index of species richness and ${\beta}$-diversity were calculated to understand community composition. Tree G ranged from 84.25 to 35.08 $m^2ha^{-1}$ and total stem density varied from 990 to 1470 Nha-1. Total SR (herb, shrub and trees) among different forest types ranged between 31 and 58. Maximum G of herb and shrub layers was recorded at lower altitudes between 1500 and 1650 masl. ${\beta}$-diversity was higher in herb layers as compared to tree and shrub layers. Dominance-diversity curves were also drawn to ascertain resource apportionment among various species in different forest types. Values of species diversity, $\bar{H}$, $Nha^{-1}$ and G were higher in the study area as compared to similar forests growing in other parts of Uttarakhand Himalaya.

• 식물병연구
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.381-386
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• 2012

독도 생태 연구의 일환으로 2008-2009년 2개년간 독도의 토양을 채집하고 선충의 종류, 밀도, 식이습성군, 생태지수 등의 연구를 수행하였다. 독도에서 총 31종의 선충이 발견되었으며 평균 밀도는 $m^2$당 239,500마리(26,000-836,000)였고 biomass는 $103.9mg/m^2$(3.0-388.6)였다. 중요도는 Acrobeloides 속이 Prominence value(PV) 117.8로 가장 높았고 다음으로 Rhabditidae(PV = 81.9), Prismatolaimus(PV = 39.0), Aphelenchoides(PV = 31.4) 순이었다. Feeding Group별로는 세균성선충이 전체 선충 중에서 밀도로는 77%, biomass로는 62%를 차지하여 가장 중요한 그룹이었고 다음으로는 식물기생성선충과 식균성선충류였다. 동도 참소리쟁이에서 발견된 뿌리썩이선충은 신종으로 추정된다. 독도 선충의 생태적 분석 결과 Shannon and Wiener 지수(2.46), Simpson's diversity 지수(0.86), 종 균일도(0.73), 종 풍부성(1.30)을 볼 때 독도의 선충상은 종이 풍부하고, 다양한 것이 특징이며, 독도만의 독특한 생태계를 유지하고 있다고 하겠고 이것은 경작되지 않고 자연 그대로 보존된 원시적 환경의 특징이다. 이번의 조사 결과는 독도의 생태적 모니터링에 기초자료로 활용되어질 수 있을 것이다.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.126-135
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• 2015

This study was conducted to evaluate the ecological characteristics of forest cover types which were classified by cluster analysis in the natural forest of Sobaeksan on the basis of the vegetation data from the point-quarter sampling method. Recognized forest cover types were 1) Mixed mesophytic forest, 2) Taxus cuspidata forest, 3) Fraxinus rhynchophylla-Quercus mongolica forest, 4) Betula ermanii forest, 5) Pinus densiflora forest, 6) Quercus mongolica mixed forest, and 7) Quercus mongolica pure forest. For those of classified types, the species composition was expressed by importance value (IV) to describe the community floristically. The species diversity was quantified using the Shannon's diversity index. The results showed that the forest cover types were characteristically different from one another in growing species and compositional rates, depending upon the type which was formed by a number of similar vegetational sample points. Species diversity indices (H') of total and overstory both were the highest in the mixed mesophytic forest (3.530 and 2.880, respectively), and lowest in the Q. mongolica pure forest (2.122 and 0.000, respectively) with only one canopy species. The highest species diversity in the mixed mesophytic forest may due to the relatively high species richness and evenness in the forest cover types. The description on ecological characteristics were suggested to understand the formation and development of forest cover types in this study area.