• 생물정신의학
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.136-144
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• 2010

Objectives : The $2^{nd}$ to $4^{th}$ digit length(2D : 4D) ratio reflects the amount of exposure and sensitivity to the prenatal sex hormone and it is considered to be the most convenient and useful way to understand the influence of sex hormone in the determination of human behavioral traits. This study was carried out to find the correlation between the 2D : 4D ratio and characteristics of temperament and character in Korean university students. We assumed that 2D : 4D ratio would show a strong correlation with temperament which is defined to be an inclination of an automatical emotional response to a stimulus. Methods : Participants were 104 university students who completed 2 self-report measures : Temperament and Character Inventory(TCI), Temperament Test. We examined the 2D : 4D ratio of each subject by measuring the lengths of the $2^{nd}$ and $4^{th}$ fingers using a photocopy measurement. We performed statistical analyses using correlation test and t-test to examine the relationship between 2D : 4D ratio and psychological characteristics. Results : We found out the typical sex difference in 2D : 4D ratio. Women had significantly higher 2D : 4D ratio than men. TCI-Character factor(TCI-C) didn't show any significant correlation with the 2D : 4D ratio. TCI-Tempterament factor(TCI-T) and the item of Temperament Test showed a significant correlation with the 2D : 4D ratio. In correlation analysis of the total group including all women and men, the 2D : 4D ratio showed a significant positive correlation in a subscale(shyness with stranger) of harm avoidance scales in TCI-T. In correlation analysis of women's group, the 2D : 4D ratio showed a significant positive correlation in two subscales( fear of uncertainty) and[shyness to stranger] of harm avoidance scales in TCI-T. In correlation analysis of men's group, the 2D : 4D ratio showed a significant negative correlation with a sanguine temperament item of the Temperament Test. Conclusion : The results suggest that the amount of exposure to sex hormone in the prenatal period seems to have an impact on the determination of temperament and characteristics.

• Journal of Digestive Cancer Research
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.61-65
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• 2023

Globally, esophageal cancer is the seventh most common cancer, and the male-to-female ratio in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is significantly imbalanced at 4:1 to 8:1. Obesity, reflux, and smoking are known risk factors for this sex difference; however, fully explaining this remains challenging. Studies have investigated the link between exogenous sex hormones and esophageal cancer occurrence. A meta-analysis revealed a lower risk of EAC in female who had undergone hormone replacement therapy. Androgen-deprivation therapy in patients with prostate cancer was associated with a decreased risk of EAC. Tissue-based studies have reported varied results regarding the relationship between estrogen receptor expression and survival in female patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Circulating hormone studies have suggested that higher testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels decreased EAC risk in men, and free testosterone was inversely correlated in female with ESCC. However, a high androgen-estrogen ratio in male patients with EAC was linked to increased odds of EAC. Sex hormones influence carcinogenesis, affecting cell proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, inflammation, and cell death. The studies were limited by the small sample size and varying hormone measurement methods; thus, future studies with definitive conclusions on the association between esophageal cancer and sex hormones are warranted.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.429-435
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• 1996

사육 수온이 넙치의 성비에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 일반 넙치 및 자성발생성 2배체 넘치 자어를 대상으로 부화 후 35일(전장 1.2 cm)부터 100일(전장 12 cm)까지 사육 수온 18, 21, 24 및 $27^{\circ}C$로 나누어 2회 반복하여 실험하였다. 사육 수온이 높을수록 암컷의 비율은 낮게 나타나 사육 수온과 암컷 비율에 있어 역상관관계를 보였다. 자성발생성 2배체 실험군의 경우 $18^{\circ}C$에서 $94.4\%$의 암컷을 보인 반면 $27^{\circ}C$에서는 $57.6\%$로 나타나 암수비가 1 : 1이었다(P<0.01). 사육 수온에 따른 생존율은 일반 넙치 및 자성발생성 2배체 넙치 모두 18, 21, 24 및 $27^{\circ}C$ 순으로 높았으나 $27^{\circ}C$를 제외한 나머지 실험군은 유의차가 없었으며 $18^{\circ}C$를 제외한 나머지 실험군의 체중 성장은 유의차가 없었다(P>0.05).

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.42-47
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• 1988

This experiment was carried out to investigate the sex ratio of produced lamb after artificial insemination into the cervix with spermatozoa from the top and bottom portion of ram semen separated by diluting semen a column of protein, and after implantation into the uterus with normal morulae and blastocyst cultured in BMOG-3 and Ham F-10 medium containing H-Y anbibody and complement treated with spleen and testis, respectively. All embryos developed to morulae and blastocyst were cultrued in medium under gas phase of 5% CO2 in air at 37$^{\circ}C$, 24 hrs. Estrus of ewes induced by a MAP vaginal sponge and 750 IU PMSG during the non-breeding season. The result obtained in these experiments were summarized as follows: 1. The ratio of heating, lambing, and prolificacy after artificial inseminatin into the cervix of ewes induced by a MAP vaginal sponge and 750 IU PMSG during the non-breeding season were 100%, 40% and 2.74 heads, respectively. 2. Involving 44 ewes, spermatozoa from the top of the protein column produced 23.1% male and 76.9% female lambs, while spermatozoa from the bottom of the column produced 81.3% male and 18.8% female offspring, respectively. 3. The sex ratio (male-to-female) of progeny produced after implantation with normal morulae and blastocyst cultured in medium containing H-Y antibody and complement treated with spleen and testis were 21.0%, 79.0% and 17.4%, 82.6%, respectively.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.256-267
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• 2023

The suitability of any fish species for successful aquaculture requires basic information on its reproduction and growth. This study investigated some facets of the reproductive biology of Synodontis shall (Mochokidae) from River Siluko in Nigeria. Fish samples were collected forth-nightly for a duration of fourteen (14) months-March 2015 to April, 2016 with the assistance of artisanal fishermen. Fishes were identified using taxonomic guides and standard techniques were used for determination of sex ratio, gonad maturation and fecundity. Linear regression method was used to define the correlation between fecundity and fish length, body weight and ovary weight. Results showed that sex ratio did not indicate a significant divergence (p > 0.05) from the 1 male to 1 female distribution ratio (1:1.41). Gonad morphology revealed paired gonads. Testes and ovaries were classified into four maturity stages: immature, resting, ripening and ripe. Gonadosomatic index ranged from 0.04 to 5.68 (males) and 0.03 to 20.19 (females). Absolute fecundity ranged from 1,014 to 4,520 eggs (mean = 2,592 eggs) and did not correlate significantly (p > 0.05) to ovary weight. This study has contributed to existing data on the biology of freshwater fish species in Nigeria and provided valuable information for fishery management tools in the conservation and utilization of this valuable freshwater fish species.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.123-127
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• 2004

Normally, silkworms, Bombyx mori, generate offspring by sexual activity. As we known, the hybrids of the first generation of the silkworm have higher cocoon production than pure lines. During the sericulture production, many processes are related with sex control. For example, sex sorting in the egg grainages, rearing of only male silkworm to save the mulberry leaf consumption and increase silk output and quality. Therefore it is very interested in understanding the sex control of the silkworm in theory and practice. Chinese sericultural scientists have been being engaged in the researches in the fields of artificifial parthogenesis, dispermic androgenesis, sex-limited varieties, sex linkage balanced lethal strain and high temperature sensitive male stocks for several decades and gained substantial achievement. Some of the achievements have been used in the commercial production. In this review, the authors introduced that the methods for control of the silkworm sex, and regulate the silkworm sex ratio according to different producing aim in the world and especially in China.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.483-493
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• 2001

This study is attempted to define risk factor of youth runaway impulse and to structure forecast model through an extensive analysis of the factors influencing the runaway impulse of youth. The subjects were 610 high school students in Seoul and Kyunggido. The collected data was analysed by SAS. The differences between the runaway impulse group and the non-runaway impulse group were subject to chi-square and t-test. Also logistic regression analysis was conducted on the basis of purposeful selection method for constructing the forecast model. The findings are as follows : the major predicting factors of youth runaway impulse are sex(odds ratio=1.886, p=.009), existence of friends of the opposit sex(odds ratio=2.011, p=.007), anti-social personality(odds ratio= 4.953, p=.000), depressive trend(odds ratio= 2.695, p=.000), family structure(odds ratio= 5.381, p=.000), marital relationship(odds ratio =1.893, p=.009) and also between parents and youth(odds ratio=3.877, p=.000), emotional abuse(odds ratio=1.963, p=.003), authoritative controlled rearing(odds ratio=2.135, p=.005) and stress from school(odds ratio=1.924, p=.008). Therefore, the forecast model will be contribute to the nursing intervention for prevention of runaway youth.

• 한국패류학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.315-322
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• 2015

이매패류의 성은 자웅이체와 자웅동체로 구분되며, 자웅이체는 동시자웅동체와 비동시자웅동체로 나누어진다. 비동시자웅동체는 계절에 따른 성의 전환을 의미한다. 일반적으로 자웅이체 이매패류의 경우 형태학적 성으로 표현되는 암, 수는 개체의 생활사 가운데 일정한 한 시기에 국한된 것이다. 개체의 성을 정확히 확인하기 위해서는 성을 표지한 후, 생활사 동안 성의 변화를 연속적으로 추적해야 한다. 이매패류에서 성전환과 비동시자웅동체는 굴과, 가리비과, 백합과 및 돌조개과 등의 이매패류에서 보고되고 있다. 이들 연구의 대부분은 동일 개체군에서 연령에 따른 성비의 변화를 증거로 이러한 결론에 도달하게 되었다. 비동시자웅동체 이매패류에서 성의 변화는 보통 방란, 방정 후 생식소의 비활성기에 일어난다. 이매패류에서 성결정과 성의 변화에는 유전적 요인과 환경적 요인 두 가지가 관여하지만, 이에 관한 이들의 영향에 관해서는 세부적인 연구가 필요하다.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.49-59
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• 1997

Backgrounds : There has been many studies investigating the causes of farmers' syndrome. In some studies, psychologic stress is related to farmer's syndrome. And the diagnostic criteria of farmer's syndrome is similar to those of generalized anxiety disorder. So we carried out this study to investigate the psychiatric causes of farmers' syndrome. Methods : This study was done in some rural and urban areas of Kyoungsangnam Province, July, August, October and November of 1996. Those who came to free medical service and completed interview, medical examination and laboratory examination and 20-59 years old were 150 persons. And those who came to health center for health examination and completed only interview and 20-59 years old were 94 persons. The questionnaire was composed of sociodemographic factors, health risk factors, farmer's syndrome, work load, BEPSI(inventory to measure stress), Spielberger's state-trait anxiety inventory, self-rating depression scale. To examine statistical significance, we used X2-test, Mantel-Haenszel test for linear association, t-test, ANCOVA, correlation, multiple regression, logistic regression. Results : The prevalence of farmer's syndrome, adjusted for age and sex with population of Kyungsangnam Province of 1993 was 208 per 1,000(90 per 1,000 in men and 329 per 1,000 in women). In bivariate analysis, farmer's syndrome was significantly related to age, sex, job, income, smoking, alcohol drinking, work load, BEPSI, state anxiety, trait anxiety, depression, body mass index, Hwa-Byung, hypertension, anemia. However, when age and sex were adjusted, job was not significantly related to farmer's syndrome. The score of farmer's syndrome was significantly related to age, sex, work load, BEPSI, trait anxiety by multiple regression. Farmer's syndrome was significantly related to increasing age(odd ratio 1.079, 95% C.I. 1.060 - 1.099), sex(odds ratio of male 0.434, 95% C.I. 0.349 - 0.540), and BEPSI(odds ratio 1.231, 95% C.I. 1.148 - 1.320) by logistic regression. Results of logistic regression analysis of the component symptoms of farmer's syndrome were as follows. Shoulder stiffness was significantly related to increasing age, female sex and BEPSI. Lumbago was significantly related to increasing age, female sex and trait anxiety. Numb limbs and nocturia was significantly related to increasing age and female sex. Breathlessness was significantly related to work load, sleeplessness was significantly related to depression, dizziness was significantly related to job and state anxiety, and abdominal fullness was significantly related to female sex. Conclusion : Farmers' syndrome was related to work load, but was more related to psychiatric factors such as BEPSI and trait anxiety. And the occupation was not risk factor of farmers' syndrome in this study, so further study is needed to investigate the cause of farmers' syndrome.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.89-99
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to develop the diagnosis techniques for sex determination of rabbit embryos at preimplantation stage. To detect male specific sequences using polymerase chain reaction, two genes functional on sex determination including SRY and ZFX/Y genes were targeted using multiple oligonucleotide primer sets. Three of them for conserved SRY gene were used for appropriate amplification pattern, and then only one primer set #3 proved to be most efficient, showing male-specific strong signal ofamplified sequences. Using this male specific bandsfrom human, cattle, pig and mouse, the gender of rabbit was determined. As an another system for sex determination system, amplified 910bp fragment from ZFX/Y was digested with several restriction endonuclease and showed gender specific restriction fragments only by Hinf I. Using two different system for sex identification of rabbit in this study, blind tests for 17 samples was conducted and showed identical results from two different methods. And then, amplification limit of PCR reaction for template DNA was estimated using various amounts of DNA for both SRY and ZFX/Y systems, resulted as 20pg and 800pg, respectively. With this results, test for gender identification of rabbit embryos were performed using SRY derived amplification system. From total 22 embryos selected for its developmental state 18 were identified as male embryos, showing significant difference from expected sex ratio 1:1. This biased sex ratio was interpreted as to have been caused by the fact, reported by the fact, reported by several researchers, that male embryos develop more rapidly and are more resistant against the in vitro manipulation than female embryos.