• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.138-145
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• 2016

To find the optimal propagation condition for endangered Cypripedium macranthos Sw., also known as lady's slipper orchid, the effect of various organic additives on in vitro germination, protocorm formation and seedling growth was investigated during asymbiotic seed culture. When $100ml{\cdot}L^{-1}$ coconut water was added to the basal medium, the highest germination rate and protocorm formation rate were achieved, with 70.8% and 74.2% respectively. Supplementation of phloem sap from birch tree or maple tree also showed a facilitating effect to improve the germination and protocorm development. With $100ml{\cdot}L^{-1}$ birch sap or maple sap, both the germination and protocorm formation rates were roughly more than 65% and 68%. The roots and buds of the seedlings grew vigorously in the medium containing $100ml{\cdot}L^{-1}$ coconut water or phloem sap, in particular, their bud formation rates increased by more than 70%. Addition of banana powder and peptone could not create a more significantly favorable culture condition, and non-addition had the worst results. Our results demonstrated that proper organic amendments such as coconut water and phloem sap might be preferred to in vitro germination and the growth of seedlings developed from the protocorm of C. macranthos Sw. during asymbiotic seed culture.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.62-67
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• 1986

상치 종자(種字) (과실)의 과피(果皮) 및 과피맥(果皮脈)을 SEM을 이용(利用)하여 관찰(觀察)하였다. 그 결과(結果) 과피(果皮) 및 과피맥(果皮脈)의 형성(形成)뿐만이 아니라 외피각질층(外皮角質層)의 왁스(epicuticular wax)의 발달까지도 종자(種子) 형성시(形成時)의 저온조건(低溫條件)에 의하여 크게 촉진되는 반면, 고온(高溫)에 의하여 발육(發育)이 매우 부진하다는 사실을 알았다. 또한, 이러한 사실이 종자(種子)의 품질(品質) 형성(形成) 및 수명에 영향(影響)을 주는 하나의 요인(要因)이 될 수 있다고 생각되었다. 또한, TEM을 이용(利用)한 관찰(觀察)에서는 상치 종자(種子)가 흡수후(吸水後) 불과 4시간(時間)안에 배유의 활동(活動)이 시작되며 배유세포가 서로 원형질(原形質) 연락사를 통하여 연결된다는 사실을 확인(確認)하였고, 과피(果皮)에 유합된 종피(種皮)는 여러 가지 섬유질의 라멜라층을 이루고 있다는 사실을 알아내었다.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.226-232
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• 2017

Dhup (Canarium resiniferum) is an economically and aesthetically important rare native tree species of Bangladesh. In natural condition 78.5-98.7% seeds do not germinate due to inhibition by hard seed coat, seed predation and unfavorable environmental conditions. A study was conducted in the Seed Research Laboratory and nursery of Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Chittagong University, Bangladesh in 2013 to find out appropriate pre-sowing treatments for maximizing germination and initial seedling growth. Eleven pre-sowing treatments were provided in both the seeds sown in polybags and seeds sown in propagator house. Results revealed that, germination started at first (after 20 days of seed sown) in seeds immersed in water at room temperature for 24 hours and germination completed within 38 days. Significantly higher (p<0.05) germination percentage (33%), germination energy (16.7%), plant percent (33%) and germination value (0.4) was found with seeds immersed in water at room temperature for 24 hours. Seedling height measured at three, four and five months after the seed germination in case of seeds treated by immersion in water for 24 hours was also greater than others. Therefore, pre-sowing treatment by immersion in water at room temperature for 24 hours was more effective in germination and production of quality vigor seedlings of Dhup.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.213-213
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• 2017

High quality seed of proso millet that has high germination percentage, germination speed, and uniformity demanded to increases rates of mechanization in cereal crop cultivation. In order to improve germination characteristics, proso millet seeds were treated with red light, ultrasonication and liquid smoke (LS) solution that generated from hickory wood. All treatments were performed in seed priming solution with 100mM $NH_4NO_3$ at $15^{\circ}C$ for 24hrs under aeration condition. Seeds were exposed under light intensity of 2000 lux for 15m, 30m, 60m, and 120m in priming solution. Ultrasonic treatment was performed at 60%, 80%, and 100% intensity of 21.6 KHz for 5m, 10m, and 20m in priming solution. For LS treatment seed were soaked in 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 5.0% and 10.0% of diluted solution with $dH_2O$ or 100mM $NH_4NO_3$ solution. The effect of seed treatment was evaluated with germination percentage (GP), mean germination time (MGT), germination index (GI), germination rate (GR), Germination uniformity (GU) and heath seed percentage (HS). Our results demonstrate that red light (15min) or ultrasonication (21.6kHz, 5min) treatment improved MGT, GI, GR, and GU comparing to untreated control. Importantly, we show that LS treatments have significant effect on the health seedling and germination characteristics. Proso millet seeds that treated with 5% LS solution for 24hrs improves HS up to 97% that similar results obtained in 100mM $NH_4NO_3$ priming for 24hrs. The combined treatment with LS solution and 100mM $NH_4NO_3$ priming were not effective in all treatments. Our results demonstrate that treating seeds with LS or 100mM $NH_4NO_3$ priming or ultrasonication improves germination characteristics. The methods described here will help advance research using this species by increasing the germination performance at which successive seed pellet process.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.401-407
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• 2018

Background: In Korea, seeds of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer need to be stored under cold temperature and high humidity condition for months to break physiological dormancy, making storage difficult until spring-sowing. This study was conducted to test the effects of seed storage conditions and seed treatment on the emergence of seedling after spring-sowing in a nursery greenhouse. Methods and Results: After dehiscence, endocarp dried seeds in mild or completely, and wet seeds were stored in $2^{\circ}C$ and $-3.5^{\circ}C$ during winter. Storage at $-3.5^{\circ}C$ resulted in a lower emergence rate (ER) than that at $2^{\circ}C$, and additional cold ($2^{\circ}C$) treatment before or after storage at $-3.5^{\circ}C$ increased the ER. Endocarp dehydration prevented pre-germination at $2^{\circ}C$ storage and increased the ER of seeds stored at $-3.5^{\circ}C$. ER was also dependent on the batch of seeds. However, seed treatments before sowing had only limited effects on ER. Root loss was the main reason for damping-off; prolonged cold storage of seeds increased damping-off, as the detection of pathogens was not high. Conclusions: This study showed that storage conditions such as temperature and moisture content of seeds, affect the ER after spring-sowing and vitality of seedlings, suggesting further attention on seed control for secure seedling stands after spring-sowing.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제24권8호
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• pp.407-412
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• 2014

Currently, diopside ($MgCaSi_2O_6$) crystal glaze is used frequently for pottery works or in earthen wares, though the process is not straightforward. However, to create and control the positions and sizes of the crystals in desired amounts when making pottery is difficult. To solve this problem, a diopside crystal seed was created at a temperature of $1450^{\circ}C$. After planting this seed in the glaze, a glaze combination and firing process which allows a user to create crystals with the desired position and at the desired size were established. In addition, in order to investigate the creation process of the crystals, the growth patterns of the crystals were observed and examined using Raman spectrography and XRD and SEM analyses. As a result, the optimum synthesis condition of the diopside seed was created by mixing 1 mole of $CaCo_3$, 0.2 mole of $(MgCo_3)_4(MgCoH)_2{\cdot}5H_2O$ and 2 moles of $SiO_2$ and then applying a firing process to the mixture at $1,450^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes. The optimum glaze content of the seed was 70 % feldspar, 20 % limestone and 10 % $MgCo_3$. For the firing process, it was confirmed that the size of crystal is larger with a longer firing time at $1100^{\circ}C$ by completing a two-hour process at $1280^{\circ}C$. In addition, the diopside crystal has columnar structure and is less than $1{\mu}m$ in size.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.9-13
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• 1998

조경용 소재로 그 관상 가치가 뛰어난 자생 갯까치수영의 종자는 저장기간이 길수록 발아력이 감소하며 그로 인한 보금에 어려움이 많았다. 본 실험에서는 우선 갯까치수영의 적정발아조건을 구명하고 프라이밍처리에 따른 발아상을 알아보기 위하여 실시하였다. 광과 온도에 따른 종자발아율을 알아본 결과 25$\circ $C의 온도조건과 광조건이 발아에 적정환경으로 이때 발아율과 발아속도는 각각 96.9%와 3.5일이었다. 20$\circ $C의 온도조건에서도 90%이상의 발아율을 보였으나 발아속도가 6.3일로 현저히 길어졌다. 저장기간이 길어졌을 때(300일) 75%까지 떨어졌던 종자의 발아율은 NaCl용액과 KNO$_{3}$ + K$_{3}$H$_{2}$PO 혼합용액을 프라이밍 처리한 결과 모든 처리농도에서 90% 이상으로 회복되었다. 여러 농도의 priming처리 후 발아속도에 차이가 있었는데, 처리농도가 각각 0.1M에서 0.5M로 높아질수록 발아속도가 길어지는 경향을 나타내었다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.363-374
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• 2005

A heterogeneous thorium-based Kyung Hee Thorium Fuel (KTF) assembly design was assessed for application in the APR-1400 to study the feasibility of using thorium fuel in a conventional pressurized water reactor (PWR). Thermal hydraulic safety was examined for the thorium-based APR-1400 core, focusing on the Departure from Nucleate Boiling Ratio (DNBR) and Large Break Loss of Coolant Accident (LBLOCA) analysis. To satisfy the minimum DNBR (MDNBR) safety limit condition, MDNBR>1.3, a new grid design was adopted, that enabled grids in the seed and blanket assemblies to have different loss coefficients to the coolant flow. The fuel radius of the blanket was enlarged to increase the mass flow rate in the seed channel. Under transient conditions, the MDNBR values for the Beginning of Cycle (BOC), Middle of Cycle (MOC), and End of Cycle (EOC) were 1.367, 1.465, and 1.554, respectively, despite the high power tilt across the seed and blanket. Anticipated transient for the DNBR analysis were simulated at conditions of $112\%$ over-power, $95\%$ flow rate, and $2^{\circ}C$ higher inlet temperature. The maximum peak cladding temperature (PCT) was 1,173K for the severe accident condition of the LBLOCA, while the limit condition was 1,477K. The proliferation resistance potential of the thorium-based core was found to be much higher than that of the conventional $UO_2$ fuel core, $25\%$ larger in Bare Critical Mass (BCM), $60\%$ larger in Spontaneous Neutron Source (SNS), and $155\%$ larger in Thermal Generation (TG) rate; however, the radio-toxicity of the spent fuel was higher than that of $UO_2$ fuel, making it more environmentally unfriendly due to its high burnup rate.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.219-226
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• 2000

본실험은 울릉도와 오대산 산마늘 자생종의 종자의 특성 및 물리·화학적 처리에 의한 종자의 발아 양상과 가온개시기에 따른 종구의 휴면 특성을 조사하기 위해 수행하였다. 종자의 특성에 있어 모양, 색, 탈립성은 2개 자생종이 비슷하였으나 그 외의 형질에서는 달랐다. 천립중는 울릉도 자생종이 14.8g 으로 오대산 자생종에 비해 2.1배였다. 울릉도 자생종은 채종 즉시 파종한 처리에서만 발아하였으며 화학제 처리효과는 없었다. 또한 무처리 암장태에서 발아율이 86%, 평균발아일수 42일, 발아계수 2.05이었으며, 저온유수 및 저온습윤혼용처리에서는 발아율이 감소하였다. 오대산 자생종은 무처리 암장태에서 발아율이 70%, 평균발아일수 47일, 발아계수 1.0이었는데, 저온습윤 처리에서는 명장태에서 발아율 82%, 평균발아일수 47일, 발아계수 1.75로 광에 대한 반응이 달라졌다. 오대산 자생종 종구는 초상후 45일 이후가 되어야 휴면이 타파되어 가온개시시기로써 적합할 것으로 보여진다.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.301-308
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• 1996

파대가리 근경(根莖)의 번식특성과 종자형성에 관련한 일장반응(日長反應) 특성을 조사하기 위하여 수행한 일련의 실험결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 근경(根莖)의 발생양상을 보면 신초엽(新稍葉)이 4매정도 출현할 때 기부엽액(基部葉腋)에서 2-3개의 1차 근경(根莖)이 나오며 이들이 지표면을 따라 뻗어가면서 신장되었고, 1차 근경(根莖) 각 마디에서 신초(新稍)가 발생되어 이로부터 다시 2-3개의 2차 근경(根莖)이 발생되었다. 이와 같은 번식특성으로 눈이 하나가 달린 근경절편(根莖切片)을 1년동안 생육시키면 5차 근경(根莖)까지 발생되고, 신초수(新稍數)도 대략 688개나 되었다. 2. 한 개의 눈을 가진 근경절편(根莖切片)으로부터 형성된 영양번식체는 종자 한 개로부터 형성된 것에 비하여 약 3배정도, 종자형성량의 경우는 2.5 배정도 많은 경향이었다. 천립중(千粒重)을 기준한 종자의 충실도는 8월 전후에 발생된 개체에서 가장 좋았다. 3. 파대가리는 대략 14시간 이하의 단일조건(4월 중하순 이전과 7월 중하순 이후)에서 생식생장으로 전환되며, 각 신초(新稍)는 단일에 대해 독립적으로 반응하되 잎이 2-3매 출현되었을 무렵 7회 이상의 단일주기를 접했을때 화성(花性)이 유도되는 경향이었고, 화성(花性)이 유도될 수 있는 단일조건하에 식물체가 자랄지라도 최소한 4매의 옆이 발생된 이후에 화기(花器)가 출현되었다. 4. 지베렐린($GA_3$) 처리는 단일조건에 생육된 개체들의 출수(出穗)를 3일 정도 촉진시켰지만 장일 조건에서 생육된 경우에는 출수유기(出穗誘起)에 전혀 영향을 주지 못했다.