• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.164-173
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• 2015

To investigate the effect of lactic acid bacteria on the heavy metal adsorption from internal organs and blood, lactic acid bacteria were isolated from human feces. Some strains resistant to heavy metals were selected by incubation in agar media containing each of chrome and cadmium salts. Among them, a strain named KP-3 was ultimately chosen due to its higher growth rate in selective broth medium containing the heavy metals at the concentration of 0.01%. The strain was identified as Lactobacillus sp. based on its morphological, cultural and physiological characteristics. For evaluating the ability to prevent accumulation of heavy metals by selected Lactobacillus sp. strain in vivo, Sprague Dawley rats were fed with heavy metal salts (cadmium, chrome and lead) with or without cultured whole cells for 7 days. The amounts of heavy metals accumulated in liver, kidney and blood were analyzed. As a result, chrome was accumulated to kidney mostly, and lead was frequently found in liver and kidney. Experimental group (rats fed with lactic acid bacteria) showed less accumulation of heavy metal than control group (rats fed with saline solution). The inhibition rates of heavy metal accumulation were calculated to 41.8% (Cd), 33.4% (Cr) and 44.2% (Pb). Especially, feeding lactic acid bacteria strongly reduced accumulation of cadmium in blood. The results showed that feeding Lactobacillus sp. KP-3 could prevent the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the living body.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.21-27
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• 2022

Objectives : Single oral dose toxicity test of Lythri Herba water extracts (LHWE) in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat was performed to determine approximate lethal dose (ALD) of LHWE. Methods : This test was progressed according to OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals : acute oral toxicity. After adaptation of 7 days, SD rats were divided into 2 groups : vehicle control and 5000 mg/kg LHWE-treated group. Each group consisted of 5 female rats and 5 male rats. Vehicle or 5000 mg/kg LHWE was orally administrated once a day. Survival rates, general toxicity, and changes of body weight were investigated for 14 days after administration. On the last day of examination, the weight of all animals was measured and an autopsy was performed. All internal organ abnormalities were checked macroscopically and their findings were recorded. Results : In both groups, dead animals were not observed. During 14 days of administration, abnormal clinical signs were not detected. There was also no significant difference in weight gains between each group. Autopsy analysis showed that one case of the LHWE-treated female group had retention of clear fluid in the uterus; however, it was not considered to be affected by LHWE administration. Moreover, abnormal findings were not discovered in the control male group and the LHWE-treated male group. Conclusions : These results suggest that the ALD of LHWE exceed 5000 mg/kg and single oral administration of LHWE below 5000 mg/kg is nontoxic.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.357-364
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• 2014

This study examined effect of a transcranial magnetic stimulation device with a commercial-frequency approach on the neuronal cell death caused ischemia. For a simple transcranial magnetic stimulation device, the experiment was conducted on an ischemia induced rat by transcranial magnetic stimulation of a commercial-frequency approach, controlling the firing angle using a Triac power device. The transcranial magnetic stimulation device was controlled at a voltage of 220 V 60 Hz and the trigger of the Triac gate was varied from $45^{\circ}$ up to $135^{\circ}$. Cerebral ischemia was caused by ligating the common carotid artery of male SD rats and reperfusion was performed again to blood after 5 minutes. Protein Expression was examined by Western blotting and the immune response cells reacting to the antibodies of Poly ADP ribose polymerase in the cerebral nerve cells. As a result, for the immune response cells of Poly ADP ribose polymerase related to necrosis, the transcranial magnetic stimulation device suppressed necrosis and had a protective effect on nerve cells. The effect was greatest within 12 hours after ischemia. Therefore, it is believed that in the case of brain damage caused by ischemia, the function of brain cells can be restored and the impairment can be improved by the application of transcranial magnetic stimulation.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1993.09a
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• pp.94-101
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• 1993

Lipophilic fraction(LF) from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer inhibited the aggregation of human platelets induced by th rombin(0.1u/$m{\ell}$). LF and Molsidomine(vasodilator) induced the stimulation of cGMP - elevation and 50KD - Phosphorylation. and then the inhibition of 20KD - Phosphorylation in human platelets activated by thrombin. LF also inhibited the $Ca^{2-}-influx$ into platelets. When rat(SD : male) was fed with LF, the level of cGMP was increased in rat platelets stimulated by collagen and thrombin. On the other hand. verapamil, $Ca^{2-}-antagonist$ increased cAMP level ;n platelet stimulated by thrombin. but LF does not affected. However LF potently inhibited the thromboxane $A_2(TXA_2)$ production. The results suggest that the inhibitory effects of LF are mediated by regulation the phosphorylatior. of 50KD via cGMP-elevation and depend upon the decrease of $TXA_2$ level.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Pathology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.72-76
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• 1997

Histological investigation of the number of follicles following gonadotropin treatments for superovulation was carried out in mature Sprague-Dwaley(SD) rats. Routinely serial sections of paraffin-embedded ovaries were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and evaluated with light microscope. During the study unusual cases of microscopic alterations were observed in the medulla of ovaries in two rats. Case one: An ovum and its follicular fluid outflowed in medulla of ovary. The follicular fluid was densly proteinuous. Corona raiata consisted of 2-6 layers thick cells in the periphery of the ovum. While the cortical side of the follicular wall was intact with normal granulosa cell layer the meullary side of it was ruptured. Case two: A large cyst was present in medulla of ovary hilus. The cyst occupied the entire medulla displacing the ovarian archetecture and enclosed by connective tissue and smooth muscle wall.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.574-581
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• 2001

This study was performed to evaluate the inhibition effects of fermented soybean on lipid perosidation and antioxidative relative enzyme activity. in vivo. Fermented soybean was induced the high SOD activity, while significantly inhibited on the peroxide value of linoleic acid and lipid perxidation from rat microsome induced by Fe$^{2+}$ ascorbate system, Sprague-Dawley(SD) male rats were fed basic diet, and experimental diets group added 200 or 500 mg/kg fermented soybean for 2 weeks. The effect of fermented soybean is also significantly increased catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities, while significantly inhibited the lipid peroxidation of rat liver microsome in a dose dependent manner. Therefore, these results suggest that fermented soybean has antioxidative activity which is related enzyme to prevention of oxidative stress.s.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.170-179
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• 2003

This study was performed that how phonophoresis using ultrasound for piroxicam affects transdermal permeation and anti-inflammative effects. Transdermal permeation study conducted by using hairless mouse had two categories: control group and ultrasound group. Transdermal permeation was observed according to duty cycle and intensity. Anti-inflammatory effects were determined using in Sprague-Dawley rat. The subjects were divided into three groups of six SD rat each 24 hour, 48 hour, 72 hour. The results of this study were as follows: 1. Transdermal permeation of piroxicam was measured according to ultrasound duty cycle. This research demonstrates that ultrasound group retains more transdermal permeation than control group, and that pulsed ultrasound group holds a little more transdermal permeation than continuous ultrasound group. 2. The transdermal permeation of piroxicam is closely related with ultrasound intensity. Effect of each group of transdermal permeation was significant rises in proportion to ultrasound intensity. 3. By observing inflammation of the tissue caused by trauma, phonophoresis group showed more significant of anti-inflammatory effect. The conclusion of phonophoresis was found to improve significantly the transdermal permeation and the anti-inflammatory effect.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.296.2-296.2
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• 2002

Our previous study demonstrated that 2.3', 4.4'. 5- Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 118) showed an antiestrogenic activity in vitro and in vivo. In the present study. we examined the effect of PCB 118 on postnatal reproductive development in female rats. PCB 118 (0.001. 0.01 or 0.1 mg/kg/day) was administered to pregnant female SD rats from gestation day (GO) 6 to 18 via subcutaneous injection. and developmental parameters such as vaginal opening were determined. PCB 118 significantly delayed vaginal opening of female offsprings at dose of 0.1 ${\mu}g$/kg/day. whereas had no effects on body weights. In addition. in utero treatment of PCB 118 caused significant decreases in serum levels of E2, T3 and T4 in female oftsprings at certain doses on postnatal day (PND) 22. Our data of results indicate that in utero exposure to PCB 118 may postnatal reproductive development in female rat through its antiestrogenic activity.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.1152-1158
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• 2009

For the toxicological pathologic study of amanita muscaria, we have investigated single and repeated dose toxicity in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Single dose toxicity study was identified as catalepsy, incline and tail pinch methods (control 0 mg/kg, low 3.3 mg/kg, middle 16.5 mg/kg, high 33.0 mg/kg). Repeated dose toxicity study was carried out in blood tests, serum tests and histopathological methods. Neurotoxicity - muscle paralysis, and convulsion and loss of movement - was observed at 33.0 mg/kg group in the single dose toxicity study. Dysfunction of liver and kidney were shown in the repeated oral administration of the amanita muscaria at 3${\sim}$4 weeks. Serum chemistry results revealed a marked increase of LDH [Lactate Dehydrogenase (3181.5 IU/L; normal 230-460 IU/l)], ALT [Alanine transaminase (124.0 IU/l; normal <40 IU/l)] but the kidney was normal. Histopathological results show interstitial edema and tubular epithelial necrosis in the kidney. These results suggest that amanita muscaria has a neurotoxic effect and causes dysfunction of liver and kidney in the SD rat.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.129-141
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• 1998

Toxic effects of 2-bromopropane (2-BP) on the hematopoietic system and testis were investigated in male Srague-Dawley (SD) rats. 80 male SD rats, 5 weeks old, were treated with 2-BP in corn oil at levels of 0, 100, 330 and 1,000 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks orally. 10 animals from each group were maintained for additional 8 weeks following the treatment. In addition, 60 male SD rats were divided into 2 groups and administered 2-BP in corn oil at levels of 0 and 1,000 mg/kg/day orally and sacrificed after 1. 2 and 3 weeks of treatment. Clinical observation. body weight changes, food consumption, organ weight changes. hematology, serum chemistry and histopathology of the testis were performed in the study. No clinical sign and mortality were observed in the study. The body weights were significantly reduced with the treatment but gradually recovered. The relative organ weights of the testis and thymus significantly decreased in both of the groups treated with 1,000 mg/kg/day for 3 and 4 weeks. In the recovery groups, organ weights of the testis and epididymis were significantly reduced in both of the groups treated with 330 and 1,000 mg/kg/day. Platelets and reticulocytes were significantly reduced in both of the group treated with 1.000 mg/kg/day for 3 and 4 weeks. While red blood cells were de-creased but mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) were increased in the recovery group. Significant increase of chloride was observed in all of the treatment groups except the recovery groups, and calcium was significantly increased in both of the groups treated with 1,000 mg/kg/ day for 3 and 4 weeks. On the other hand. there were significant decreases in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspatate aminotransferase (AST) in most of groups treated with 1.000 mg/kg/day. In the testis. the spermatogonia in stages I-VI were mostly depleted and the spermatocytes in stages VII-VIII were de-generated or necrotized at week 1 after treatment of 2-BP. The degeneration of germ cells and the a-trophy of seminiferous tubules became more severe in time-dependent and dose-dependent manners. The damaged tubules showed regeneration in part. however. they did not appear to be completely recovered within 8 weeks of the recovery period. On the basis of the results. it is suggested that 2-BP would cause toxicities in hematopoiesis by possibly interfering the production of red blood cells and platelets and in spermatogenesis by the destruction oj spermatogonia in SD male rats.