• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.79-84
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• 2007

Purpose: The data was performed to evaluate the effect of conservative treatment in 30 patients aging from 21 to 71 with lumbar back pain. Methods: The effect of conservative treatment was analyzed with use of pain behavior scale, pain self assessment scale by Million Index in according to age, occupation, duration of symptom, symptom. Results: The occupation were desking job 43.4%, standing job 33.3%, house wife 23.3%. Duration of symptoms in over 2-5 months was 40.0%. The pain in below 1 months, classified by duration of symptoms, was reduced from 2.1 to 3.0 in pain behavior scale, 6.0 to 2.2 in pain self assessment scale(p<0.05). The pain in only lumbar back pain, classified by symptoms, was reduced from 2.0 to 3.0 in pain behavior scale, 6.6 to 2.4 in pain self assessment scale(p<0.05). Conclusion: The pain in over 9 months. classified by duration of physical therapy, was increase 2.0 in pain behavior scale, 4.0 in pain self assessment scale (p<0.05).

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.19-29
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• 2002

Objectives: This study was to analysis of pain using visual analogue scale and self rating anxiety scale questionnaire. Methods: Questionnaire were completed by 83 adult patients of department relation to pain in hospitals of Daegu from June 20, to August 10, 2001. The information was used to estimate multiple regression for the pain and anxiety scale related factors association. Results: Women visual analogue scale 4.6 scores of mean was higher than man 4.3 scores. Man self rating anxiety scale 30.2 scores of mean was higher than women 26.8 scores. The scores of 6 months above was discomfort 51.8, 1 month below was mild 22.1%, 2-3 months was discomfort 10.5%, and 4-5 months was discomfort 9.3% in association between present pain index and duration. Conclusion: Visual analogue scale scores was significantly associated with frequency of present pain index. Self rating anxiety scale scores was significantly associated with frequency of occupation and present pain index.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.70-75
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• 2022

Two patients with sequelae of peripheral facial nerve palsy were treated with Facial Chuna Manual Therapy (FCMT) and acupuncture over 6 months. The House-Brackmann (HB) scale, facial nerve grading system 2.0 (FNGS), the scale of Peitersen, the scale of Murata, and the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) were used to assess the effects of treatment. The HB scale, FNGS and NRS scores showed improvement for both patients (Case 1: HB scale 5 to 3, FNGS 4 to 2, NRS 10 to 5; Case 2: HB scale 5 to 3, FNGS 4 to 3, NRS 10 to 2.5) following 6 months of treatment. The scores for the Peitersen and Murata scales showed improvement over 6 months in Case 1 (Peitersen 2 to 1, Murata 10 to 7), but there was no change in Case 2 over the test period (4 months). FCMT and acupuncture may help patients with sequelae of facial palsy.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.135-141
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• 2001

Arc-melted Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-4Fe and Ti-(1,2) Si alloys were oxidized at 700, 800, 900 and $1000^{\circ}C$ in air. The oxidation resistance of Ti-4Fe was comparable to that of Ti-6Al-4V, while the oxidation resistance of Ti-(1,2) Si was superior to that of Ti-6Al-4V. Ti-2Si displayed the best oxidation resistance among the four alloys, but failed after oxidation at $1000^{\circ}C$ for 17h. The oxide scale formed on Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-4Fe and Ti-(1,2)Si consisted of ($TiO_2$ and a small amount of $Al_2$$O_3$), ($TiO_2$ and a small amount of dissolved iron), and ($TiO_2$ plus a small concentration of amorphous $SiO_2$), respectively. The oxide grains of the surface scale of the four alloys were generally fine and round.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.820-830
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose was to develop a preliminary scale to measure Korean adolescents' health behaviors through a qualitative approach, to evaluate the scale psychometrically, and to develop a final scale. Methods: Participants were 61 adolescents for qualitative interviews and 1,687 adolescents for the psychometric evaluation. Procedure included content analysis of interviews to identify health behavior categories for Korean adolescents, pre-test to confirm that preliminary scale items were understandable, content validity by an expert panel, development of the web-based computer-assisted survey (CAS), and psychometric analysis to determine reliability and validity of the final scale. Results: A final scale was developed for both paper-and-pencil and CAS. It consisted of 14 health behaviors (72 items), including stress and mental health (10), sleep habits (5), dietary habits (12), weight control (4), physical activity (4), hygiene habits (5), tobacco use (5), substance use (2), alcohol consumption (4), safety (4), sexual behavior (9), computer use (3), health screening (4), and posture (1). Conclusion: The scale's strong points are: 1) Two thirds of the final scale items are Likert scale items, enabling calculation of a health behavior score. 2) The scale is appropriate to Korean culture. 3) The scale focuses on concrete health behaviors, not abstract concepts.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.339-343
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• 2016

ASTM T23 steel with a composition of Fe-2.25%Cr-1.6%W corroded at 600 and $700^{\circ}C$ for 5-70 h in $N_2$/(0.5, 2.5)%$H_2S$-mixed gas at 1 atm. It corroded rapidly, forming the outer FeS scale and the inner (FeS, $FeCr_2O_4$)-mixed scale. The ensuing outward diffusion of $Fe^{2+}$ ions during corrosion led to the protrusion of FeS platelets over the outer FeS scale. The formation of FeS at the surface facilitated the oxidation of Cr to $FeCr_2O_4$ in the inner scale. Since the nonprotective FeS scale existed over the whole scale, T23 steel displayed poor corrosion resistance in the $H_2S$-containing atmosphere.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.354-362
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• 2003

The aim of the present study was to establish validity for Dental Anxiety Scale in children by their drawings. Dental treatment was provied for 35 children in the ages of 4 to 8, using the quadrant approach. The children's anxiety arising during dental treatment was measured by Modified Sheskin's Criteria(Dental Anxiety Scale, DAS). After reliability analysis of Dental Anxiety Score, it was compared with Faces Pain Scale and was tested for their correlation. Thereafter the several factors having an effect on Dental Anxiety Scale were examined. A significant correlation(r=0.2610) was found between the two scales and Dental Anxiety Scale was high significantly in 4-6 score of Faces Pain Scale. The findings suggested that the Dental Anxiety Scale is a valid means of assessing child dental anxiety status in a clinical context and the Dental Anxiety Scale can be affected by 'Age', 'Gender' and 'Reaction in the past'.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.91-113
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to develop the Resilience Scale for Children(RSC) and to evaluate its reliability and validity. The RSC was administered to 482 children in grades 4 through 6. Factor analysis of the 30 item scale demonstrated Cronbach's ${\alpha}=.89$ for internal consistency of total items. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis supported a five-factor structure. Retest stability was acceptable for the five-factors. Tests of the present scale for criterion-related validity compared favorably with Self-Perception Profile for Children (Lee, et al., 1992) and the Stress Coping Behavior Scale for Children (Kim and Kang, 2003) confirming its applicability to elementary school students for assessment of resilience.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.204-210
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• 1996

M type hexa-ferrites were prepared by means of a solid state reaction using mill scale, $Fe_{2}O_{3}$, and the mixture of mill scale and $Fe_{2}O_{3}$. The mixture of powders were calcined at $1150^{\circ}C$ for 2 hrs. and sintered at $1250^{\circ}C$ for 2 hrs, with varing the mole ratio of $Fe_{2}O_{3}$/$BaCO_{3}$, by 5.2~6.0. And the magnetic properties and morphologies of Baferrites with impurities such as $SiO_{2},\;Al_{2}O_{3},\;MgO,\;CaO\;and\;Na_{2}O$ in the mill scale were investigated. The magnetic properties were worsened by the addition of $Na_{2}O because of non-reacted iron oxide and intermediate compound of $BaFe_{2}O_{4}$ but they were improved apparently by the addition of $Si_{2}$ and $Al_{2}O_{3}$ in the composition of $BaO.5.6Fe_{2}O_{3}$. Moreover, $M_{s}$ decreased but $_{B}H_{C}$ increased through the addition of $Al_{2}O_{3}$ in Ba-ferrite. ${(BH)}_{max}$ of sintered BM($BaCO_{3}$, mill scale mixture) and BFM($BaCO_{3}$, $Fe_{2}O_{3}$, and null scale mixture) were 0.86 and 1.04 MGOe, respectively, and the magnetic properties were changed around $440^{\circ}C$.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.105-111
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• 2002

The biological removal of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) was studied in a bench-scale bioreactor using a bacterial culture of strain OK-5 originally Isolated from soil samples contaminated with TNT. The TNT was completely removed within 4 days of incubation in a 2.5 L bench-scale bioreactor containing a newly developed medium. The TNT was catabolized in the presence of different supplemented carbons. Only minimal growth was observed in the killed controls and cultures that only received TNT during the incubation period. This catabolism was affected by the concentration ratio of the substrate to the biomass. The addition of various nitrogen sources produced a delayed effect for the TNT degradation. Tween 80 enhanced the degradation of TNT under these conditions. Two metabolic intermediates were detected and identified as 2-amino-4, 6-dinitrotoluene and 4-amino-2, 6-dinitrotoluene based on HPLC and GC-MS analyses, respectively. Strain OK-5 was characterized using the BIOLOG system and fatty acid profile produced by a microbial identification system equipped with a Hewlett Packard HP 5890 II gas chromatograph. As such, the bacterium was identified as a Stenotrophomonas species and designated as Stenotrophomonas sp. OK-5.