• 한국방재학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.153-153
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• 2011

현대 건축은 기능적이고 합리적이었지만 획일적이었던 박스형 건축에서 탈피해 형태와 공간에 있어서 다양한 변화를 시도하고 있다. 특별한 건축물의 실현을 위해 각 나라의 기술력은 급속한 발전을 이루었고, 보다 더 독특한 건축물에 대한 관심은 비정형 건축물에 대한 관심의 증대로 이어지고 있다. 이러한 비정형 건축물에 적합한 구조로써 프리폼(Free-Form) 구조가 있다. 프리폼 구조로 입체골조(Double Layered Structure)를 많이 사용하였으나, 최근 유리로 되어 투명하고 기하학적 모양의 건축물을 추구함에 따라 평면골조(Single Layered Structure)가 증가하고 있는 추세이다. 평면골조는 축력 지배형과 모멘트 지배형으로 분류할 수 있고 프리폼 구조의 구성 요소 중 가장 취약하고 중요한 부분은 노드이다. 본 연구에서는 프리폼 구조 중 가장 큰 관심이 고조되고 있는 평면골조 모멘트 지배형의 노드에 대한 국내외 기술 분석을 통해 향후 연구 방향성을 제시하고자 한다. 입체골조는 하나의 노드에 여러개의 부재가 3차원으로 결합되어야 하기 때문에 다른 골조 시스템에 비해 노드부가 복잡하지만, 건축물의 외관을 유리로 하여 투명하게 하고 비틀리고 구부러진 구조물에 대한 건축적 요구가 많아짐에 따라 평면골조의 인기가 높아지고 있다. 이러한 시대의 흐름에 발맞추어 건물의 구조적, 기하학적 요구를 충족시키기 위해 다양한 노드 시스템이 개발 중이며, 가해지는 하중의 특성에 따라 축력 지배형과 모멘트 지배형으로 구분하여 노드의 양상을 분류할 수 있다. 축력 지배형의 대표적인 시스템은 다이아그리드(Diagrid)이다. 축력 지배형 프리폼 구조의 노드는 전체 구조물의 하중을 축력으로 받아 모두 전달해야 하기 때문에 크기가 크고 가새가 2~4개층에 걸쳐서 설치되기 때문에 중량이다. 모멘트 지배형 노드를 갖는 프리폼 구조의 형태는 대부분 지붕 구조로써 지붕 자체의 하중만을 견디도록 설계된다. 따라서 노드부와 노드에 붙는 부재들이 가볍기 때문에 사람이 들 수 있고 노드의 크기가 작아 시공성이 좋으며 대량 생산이 가능하다는 장점이 있다. 노드의 형태는 힘의 흐름과 쓰임에 따라 다양하다. 평면골조 모멘트 지배형의 노드는 접합방식에 따라 Splice node connection과 End-Face node connection 두 가지로 분류할 수 있다. Splice node connection은 각 부재의 종축으로 노드와 구조부재 사이에 이음재를 두어 연결하고, 연결 형태에 따라 전단력을 전달할 수 있는 1~2개의 접촉면이 생긴다. 전단응력을 받는 볼트로 이음재를 이어 조립하거나 용접으로 접합할 수 있다. 대표 노드로, SBP-1, SBP-2와 POLO-1 등이 있다. End-Face node connection은 각 연결된 부재의 단부와 노드 사이의 연결면은 종축방향의 수직이고, 인장응력을 받는 볼트를 사용하거나 용접에 의해 접합할 수 있다. 대표 노드로 SBP-4, WABI-1, MERO-1(Cylinder), MERO-2(Block), MERO-4(Double Dish) 등이 있다. 본 기술 현황 분석을 통해 현재 개발된 노드를 분류하고 가장 관심이 높은 Single Layer 모멘트 지배형 노드를 비교, 분석하였다. 최근 건물의 경향을 반영한 프리폼 구조를 실현하기 위해서 필수적인 노드의 개발은 국외에서 활발히 연구되고 있지만 그 기술이 개방되어 있지 않다. 국내에서는 동대문 디자인 플라자에 새로운 노드를 적용하고 고려대학교에서 모멘트 지배형 노드를 개발하는 등 발전 가능성을 보이고 있지만 국외 사례들에 비하면 아직 초기 단계라 할 수 있다. 따라서 현장 용접을 지양하고 공장 제작하여 현장에서 조립하며, 프로젝트 별로 상이한 노드를 사용하는 것이 아닌 다양한 요구를 효과적으로 수용하는 구조 효율성을 향상시킨 노드 상세의 개발이 이루어져야 할 것이다.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.68-74
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• 2002

Studies of the relationship between the composition of serum fatty acids and blood pressure are complex and controversial. Fatty acids, important constituents of biological membranes, could potentially affect vasoreactivities including blood pressure. In this study the compositions of fatty acids in serum phospholipids were compared between three types of hypertensive subjects (men, pre-menopausal women, and post-menopausal women) and their respective nrmotensive controls. Serum lipids were extracted and phospholipids were separated by thin layer chromatography. The percentage of palmitic acid (16 : 0) in serum phospholipids was significantly higher and the percentage of stearic acid (18 : 0) was significantly lower in all three hypertensive groups, compared with their corresponding control groups. Only in the group of post-menopausal women, palmitic acid was closely associated wish increases in both systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), while stearic acid was associated with decreases in both SBP and DBP. The polyunsaturated fatty acids in serum phospholipids behaved differently from saturated fatty acids. The ratios of products / precursor fatty acids, such as $\sumLCPUFA\omega6/18 : 2\omega$6, 20 : 4$\omega$6/18 : 2$\omega$6, ∑LCPUFA$\omega$3/18 : 3$\omega$3 and 22 : 6$\omega$3/20 : 5$\omega$3, were all clearly associated with both SBP and DBP in hypertensive, post-menopausal women. Desaturation and elongation in fatty acid metabolism could affect the bioavailability of eicosanoid precursors. Changes in the constituent fatty acids of phospholipids and eicosanoid precursors may also influence fluidity, ionic transport, hormone receptors and enzyme activities in biological membranes. In conclusion, both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in post-menopausal women was positively associated with the level of palmitic acid, and negatively associated with the level of stearic acid, in serum phospholipids. The relationships between serum phospholipid-$\omega$6 and $\omega$3 series fatty acids and blood pressure in women, especially in post-menopausal women, require further investigation by taking into consideration hormonal status and eicosanoid metabolism. Funker study is needed to determine the value of dietary manipulation of fatty acid constituents of serum phospholipids, relating to hypertension in women.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.27
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• pp.13.1-13.10
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• 2012

Objectives: We aimed to investigate the acute effects of heat stress on body temperature and blood pressure of elderly individuals living in poor housing conditions. Methods: Repeated measurements of the indoor temperature, relative humidity, body temperature, and blood pressure were conducted for 20 elderly individuals living in low-cost dosshouses in Seoul during hot summer days in 2010. Changes in the body temperature, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) according to variations in the indoor and outdoor temperature and humidity were analyzed using a repeated-measures ANOVA controlling for age, sex, alcohol, and smoking. Results: Average indoor and outdoor temperatures were $31.47^{\circ}C$ (standard deviation [SD], $0.97^{\circ}C$) and $28.15^{\circ}C$ (SD, $2.03^{\circ}C$), respectively. Body temperature increased by $0.21^{\circ}C$ (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.16 to $0.26^{\circ}C$) and $0.07^{\circ}C$ (95% CI, 0.04 to $0.10^{\circ}C$) with an increase in the indoor and outdoor temperature of $1^{\circ}C$. DBP decreased by 2.05 mmHg (95% CI, 0.05 to 4.05 mmHg), showing a statistical significance, as the indoor temperature increased by $1^{\circ}C$, while it increased by 0.20 mmHg (95% CI, -0.83 to 1.22 mmHg) as outdoor temperature increased by $1^{\circ}C$. SBP decreased by 1.75 mmHg (95% CI, -1.11 to 4.61 mmHg) and 0.35 mmHg (95% CI, -1.04 to 1.73 mmHg), as the indoor and outdoor temperature increased by $1^{\circ}C$, respectively. The effects of relative humidity on SBP and DBP were not statistically significant for both indoor and outdoor. Conclusions: The poor and elderly are directly exposed to heat waves, while their vital signs respond sensitively to increase in temperature. Careful adaptation strategies to climate change considering socioeconomic status are therefore necessary.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.3323-3332
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigated the effects of alcohol intake on blood pressure, serum lipids, liver function tests and obesity indices in middle-aged male workers. The 2,175 male workers aged 30-59 years who examined health checkup were recruited as the study subjects during the period between January to December, 2013. We observed the relationships between the amount of alcohol intake and blood pressure, serum lipids, liver function tests and obesity indices. As a result, the mean score of SBP, DBP, LDL-C and TG were significantly higher increasing with amount of alcohol increased, but HDL-C were significantly lower increasing with amount of alcohol increased. AST, ALT, ALP and ${\gamma}$-GTP were significantly higher increasing with amount of alcohol increased, but obesity indices were not significant. Age adjusted odds ratios(ORs) increasing with abnormal levels of SBP, DBP, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG, AST and ALT were significantly increased in heavy drinking group than light drinking group. Above results suggested that the heavy drink related with blood, serum lipid levels and liver function test levels, but not find out with obesity indices.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.1359-1366
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine the blood pressure, serum lipid levels and obesity indices according to smoking status, and the effects of smoking cessation on blood pressure, serum lipid and obesity indices. The 2,230 male workers aged 30-59 years were observed the age, smoking status, SBP, DBP, TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, AI, BMI, body fat rate and waist circumference, from April to July, 2011. As a results, the mean score of SBP, DBP, TC, TG and BMI were significantly higher in smoking group than non-smoking group, but HDL-C were significantly lower in smoking group than non-smoking group, the distribution of hypertension was significantly higher in smoking group than non-smoking group. The abnormal levels of TC, TG and HDL-C were significantly higher in smoking group than non-smoking group, and the distribution of obesity was significantly higher in smoking group than non-smoking group. Age adjusted odds ratio(ORs) was significantly increase in smoking group than non-smoking group: hypertension(3.59 times), hypercholesteremia (1.49 times), hyperlipidemia(1.81 times), low HDL-cholesteremia(1.58 times), high level of atherogenic index(1.27 times). Above results suggested that the smoking related with blood pressure and serum lipid levels.

• 한국노년학
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.1141-1155
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to compare the preventive effects of green tea and coffee drinking on postprandial hypotension in the elderly. A total of 30 women ($81.2{\pm}6.8years$) who had experience of postprandial hypotension participated 3 interventions by random order allocation. During the experimental interventions, each participant had a cup of instant coffee (60mg caffeine), or green tea (15.8mg caffeine) after lunch, and control group had only their lunch. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate (HR) were measured with 15 minute interval from 30 minutes before the meal to 120 minutes after the meal. The preprandial SBP and DBP were not significantly different between three groups. Postprandial SBP reduction measured at the 1 hour after meal was significantly smaller in coffee group compared to the control group, whereas green tea group was not ($-15.1{\pm}17.9mmHg$ vs $-13.4{\pm}22.4mmHg$ vs. $-4.1{\pm}18.6mmHg$ for control, green tea, and coffee group, respectively, p=.032). Likewise, DBP decrement at the 1 hour after meal was significantly smaller in coffee than control group ($-12.8{\pm}13.0mmHg$ vs $-6.9{\pm}16.6mmHg$ vs $-0.8{\pm}13.4mmHg$ respectively, p=.033). The HR response of the three groups were not significantly different throughout the intervention. Coffee drinking was potentially beneficial for preventing postprandial hypotension and resultant falling event.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.317.2-318
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• 2003

The current study was performed to observe the effect of Sun Ginseng (SG) on hemodynamics such as blood flow rate (BF), blood flow velocity (BV), heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and body temperature (BT) in healthy young men. This is a randomized, single-blind study observed during 6 hrs after orally single administration of SG. (omitted)

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Communication Sciences Conference
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• 1991.10a
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• pp.86-91
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• 1991

A capability of performing the optical logic and arithmetic operations is followed by an effective encoding technique. In this paper, we proposed the color light encoding technique. By using this encoding technique, the space bandwidth product(SBP) is minimized in the output plane. In addition, we proposed the pre-operation pro-carry processing method that performs faster than the same time operation and carry processing method in optical computing. We proposed that the color liquid crystal device(CLCD) is used as the encoded color light input source.

• Proceedings of the Zoological Society Korea Conference
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• 2003.08a
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• pp.176.4-176
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• 2003

No Abstract, See Full Text

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.224-234
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• 2003

Purpose: This study was to test the effects of a full body massage on labor pain and delivery stress reaction for primipara during labor. Method: This study employed a quasi- experimental method(nonequivalent control group, pre-post test design). The subjects of this study were 57 primipara hospitalized at the U OB & GYN hospital in Inchon from November 1. 2001 to July 31, 2002. 28 women were assigned to the experimental group and 29 to the control group. The experimental group was given 20 minutes full body massage for each of three delivery phases. The control group was given conventional delivery care. The levels of labor pain were measured by the Visual Analogue Scale and the expression scores of the labor pain and the levels of delivery stress reaction were measured by pulse rate, respiration rate, and blood pressure, and State-Anxiety Scale. Data were analyzed using the repeated measures analysis of covariance(ANCOVA), t-test, $X^2$- test, simple ANCOVA with SPSS program. Result: There was no interaction effect between time and group(F=.370, p=.693), but significant time effects were found for subjective labor pain(F=3.840, p=.028). There was no interaction effect between time and group(F=.112, p=.894), but significant group effects were found for objective labor pain(F=12.299, p=.001). There was no interaction effect between time and group for PR(F=.172, p=.843), RR(F=.626, p=.539), SBP(F=.089, p=.915), DBP(F=.748, p=.479), but significant group effects were found for SBP(F=7.547, p=.008). The level of status anxiety of the experimental group was significantly lower than the control group(F=11.787, p=.001). Conclusion: This study showed that the full body massage has partially positive effect on labor pain and delivery stress reaction. Therefore this study suggested that the full body massage might be used clinically to help primipara during labor.