• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.262-280
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• 1999

This study was Performed to understand Pediatric Pain management status and nurses' knowledge and attitudes toward it. In addition. it aimed to provide basic data in order to establish effective nursing intervention strategies by confirming the barriers of effective pain management in practice. The subjects were 195 nurses working in pediatric units(general pediatric unit. oncology unit, neonatal unit. neonatal ICU, Pediatric ICU) of 8 university hospitals and one general hospital. Data was collected by the questionnaire from the 3rd of August to the 20th of September in 1999. The instrument developed by Sanna(1999) to measure nurses' knowledge and their attitudes and the other tool by Cleeland(1984) to evaluate barriers in effective Pain management was used. Results of this study are summarized as follows 1. Most nurses learn about the pain management knowledges from through regular curriculum of nursing school(62.0%) And almost nurses(90.8%) don't used to utilize pain assessment tool, but the 'Faces Rating Scale' is the most frequently used by nurses. 2. The use of pain medication(65.6%) is most frequently taken by nurses as pain management and is followed by massage (55.9%) , distraction(27.7%). 3. Nurses' knowledge level is moderate (Mn=3.07). Nurses don't seem to understand pediatric Physical development (Mn = 2.86), psychological development(Mn=2.94) well, meanwhile they seem relatively Quite knowledgeable about the way pain emerges. 4. Nurses' attitudes toward pain is based on behavioral and physiological responses to Pain. They believe 'changes in behavior are a way of assessing pain in child' and 'acute pain increases the number of respiration' Nurses are ready to accept pediatric pain, but are not positive in adopting pain intervention in practice. 5. The barriers of effective pain management are inadequate assessment of pain and pain relief(81.5%), ineffective incorporation among health professionals(80%), and lack of equipment or skills(80.0%).

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.362-369
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• 2019

Background: Chronic nonspecific symptoms attributed to indoor nonindustrial work environments are common and may cause disability, but the medical nature of this disability is unclear. The aim was to medically characterize the disability manifested by chronic, recurrent symptoms and restrictions to work participation attributed to low-level indoor pollutants at workplace and whether the condition shares features with idiopathic environmental intolerance. Methods: We investigated 12 patients with indoor aire-related work disability. The examinations included somatic, psychological, and psychiatric evaluations as well as investigations of the autonomic nervous system, cortisol measurements, lung function, and allergy tests. We evaluated well-being, health, disability, insomnia, pain, anxiety, depression, and burnout via questionnaires. Results: The mean symptom history was 10.5 years; for disabling symptoms, 2.7 years. Eleven patients reported reactions triggered mainly by indoor molds, one by fragrances only. Ten reported sensitivity to odorous chemicals, and three, electric devices. Nearly all had co-occurrent somatic and psychiatric diagnoses and signs of pain, insomnia, burnout, and/or elevated sympathetic responses. Avoiding certain environments had led to restrictions in several life areas. On self-assessment scales, disability showed higher severity and anxiety showed lower severity than in physician assessments. Conclusion: No medical cause was found to explain the disability. Findings support that the condition is a form of idiopathic environmental intolerance and belongs to functional somatic syndromes. Instead of endless avoidance, rehabilitation approaches of functional somatic syndromes are applicable.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.519-525
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• 2016

Background: The objective of this study was to report the types and relative frequency of oral malignancies and precancer in the Jazan region of Saudi Arabia during the period 2009-2014. Materials and Methods: Pathology reports were retrieved from the archives of Histopathology Department, King Fahd hospital in Jazan. Demographic data on tobacco habits, clinical presentation and histologic grading of oral precancer and cancer cases were transcribed from the files. Results: 303 (42.7%) oral pre-malignant and malignant cases were found out of 714 oral biopsy lesions. A pathology diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma (85.1%) was most frequent, followed by premalignant lesions/epithelial dysplasia (8.6%), verrucous carcinoma (3.3%) and malignancy of other histological types (3%) such as ameloblastic carcinoma, salivary gland malignancy and sarcomas. Oral squamous cell carcinoma was predominant in females with a male to female ratio of 1:1.9. Patient age ranged from 22 to 100 years with a mean of $65{\pm}13.9$. Almost 44.6% of oral cancer had occurred after 65 years of age. Only 16.3% cases were reported in patients younger than 50 years, predominantly females. The majority of female patients had the habit of using shammah with a long duration of usage for more than 45 years. Buccoalveolar mucosa (52.3%) was the common site of involvement followed by tongue/floor of the mouth (47.7%) and clinically presented mostly as ulceration/swelling clinically. Moderately differentiated tumours (53.9%) were common followed by well differentiated (32.2%) and poorly differentiated tumours (5.8%). The prevalence of oral verrucous carcinoma (3.3%) was comparatively low with an equal distribution in both males and females. Both bucco-alveolar mucosa and tongue were predominantly affected. Oral precancer/epithelial dysplasia (8.6%) was common in females with a shammah habit. Bucco-alveolar mucosa was commonly involved and clinically presented mostly as white/red patches. Most cases were mild followed by moderate and severe dysplasia. Tumours of other histological types (3%) include 1 ameloblastic carcinoma, 3 malignant salivary gland tumours and 5 sarcomas. Conclusions: In this study, it was found that oral cancers reported in the pathology service to be a common occurrence. This study reconfirms previous reports of the high burden of oral cancer in this population This indicates that conventional preventive programs focused on oral cancer are in need of revision. In addition, further research into identifying new risk factors and molecular markers for oral cancer are needed for screening high risk individuals.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.3220-3230
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• 2014

본 논문은 세지마 카즈요(Kazuyo Sejima)와 니시자와 류에(Ryue Nishizawa)의 1900년대에서 2000년대 초반까지의 주택작품들을 연구대상으로 한다. 공간구문론(Space Syntax Theory)의 Convex Map을 통한 각 주택의 공간별 통합도(Integration)를 분석하여 개인공간 측면과 공용공간 측면에서 다음과 같은 결론을 도출하였다. 첫째, 제1기(1990년대) 주택에서 제2기(2000년대 전반) 주택으로 갈수록 개인공간과 공용공간의 통합도(Integration) 평균값의 차이가 작아지고 있음을 알 수 있다. 제1기 주택에서 제2기 주택으로 갈수록 대체적으로 개인공간의 통합도 평균값은 높아지고, 공용공간의 통합도 평균값은 낮아져 간극이 좁아지는 경향을 보이고 있으며, 이는 개인공간과 공용공간의 통합도가 서로 비슷해지며 공간 구분의 경계가 모호해지고 있음을 의미한다. 둘째, 개인공간측면에서 살펴보면, 제2기(2000년대 전반) 작품인 S-3(House in a Plum Grove), S-4(House in China)에서의 개인공간들의 통합도 평균값이 10개 작품들중 가장 높은 수치를 보이고 있다. 개인공간은 제1기 보다는 제2기 작품들에서 더 폐쇄도가 떨어지는 경향이 있음을 알 수 있다. 세째, 공용공간측면에서 살펴보면, 제1기(1990년대) 작품인 I-2(Villa in the Forest), I-5(S-House), I-6(Weekend House)에서의 공용공간들의 통합도 평균값이 10개 작품들중 가장 높은 수치를 보이고 있다. 공용공간은 제2기 보다는 제1기 작품들에서 더 중심적이며 개방적인 경향을 보이고 있음을 알 수 있다.

• 정보보호학회논문지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.71-82
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• 2011

RFID 시스템은 여러 장점을 가지며 다양한 곳에서 이용되고 있다. 그러나 현재의 RFID 시스템은 무선통신과 저가 태그의 사용으로 인해 도청, 재전송 공격, 메시지 탈취, 태그에 대한 물리적 공격에 취약하다. 이런 공격들은 태그와 리더 사칭, 태그 무능화를 통한 서비스 거부공격, 태그 소지자의 위치 추적등을 유발한다. 이런 취약점을 해결하기 위해 다수의 RFID 인증 프로토콜이 제안되었다. 특히 Weis, Sarma, Rivest, Engels이 해시 기반 RFID 인증 프로토콜을 제안한 이래로, 많은 해시 기반 RFID 인증 프로토콜이 제안되었고 최근의 해시 기반 프로토콜은 보안성과 만족할 만한 수준의 프라이버시를 제공한다. 그러나 보안성과 만족할 만한 수준의 프라이버시를 제공하는 동시에 서버에서의 태그 인식 시간을 줄이는 것은 여전히 풀리지 않는 문제다. 이에 우리는 태그가 이전 통신 상태에 따라 응답 메시지를 생성하는 프로토콜을 제안한다. 그 결과 보안성과 프라이버시를 보장하는 동시에 서버에서 합리적인 시간안에 태그를 인식할 수 있다. 구체적으로 제안하는 프로토콜은 세션키와 롱텀 고정키를 모두 사용해서 이전 세션이 비정상 종료 된 경우에 비슷한 수준의 안전성을 제공하는 기존의 연구결과에 비해 태그 인식시간이 50%로 절감한 효과를 제공한다.