• Title/Summary/Keyword: S-phase arrest

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Anti-cancer Properties and Relevant Mechanisms of Cordycepin, an Active Ingredient of the Insect Fungus Cordyceps spp., (동충하초 유래 cordycepin의 항암 활성 기전 최근 연구 동향)

  • Jeong, Jin-Woo;Choi, Yung Hyun
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.25 no.5
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    • pp.607-614
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    • 2015
  • Cancers are the largest cause of mortality and morbidity all over the world. Cordycepin, an adenosine analog, is a major functional component of the Cordyceps species, which has been widely used in traditional Oriental medicine. Over the last decade, this compound has been reported to possess many pharmacological properties, such as an ability to enhance immune function, as well as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-cancer effects. Recently, numerous studies have reported interesting properties of cordycepin as a chemopreventive agent as well. There is an accumulating body of experimental evidences suggesting that cordycepin impedes cancer progression by promoting apoptosis, inducing cell cycle arrest, modulating intracellular signaling pathways, and inhibiting invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. In many cancer cell lines, cordycepin inhibits growth and cell cycle progression by inducing arrest of the G2/M phase, resulting from the inhibition of retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation and induction of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. To induce apoptosis, cordycepin activates the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways, which promotes reactive oxygen species generation and the downstream activation of kinase cascades. Cordycepin also can activate alternative pathways to cell death such autophagy. In addition, cordycepin can inhibit the pro-metastatic processes of cancer cell detachment, migration, and invasion through a variety of mechanisms, including the nuclear factor-kappa B and activated protein-1 signaling pathways. In this review, we summarized the variety of action mechanisms by which cordycepin may mediate chemopreventive effects on cancer and discussed the potential of this natural product as a promising therapeutic inhibitor of cancer development.

Dichloroacetate Inhibits the Proliferation of a Human Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Cell Line via a p53-independent Pathway (Dichloroacetate의 p53 비의존적 경로를 통한 인간 역분화 갑상선 암세포주의 성장억제 효과)

  • KC, Yam Bahadur;Poudel, Sunil;Jeon, Eon Ju;Shon, Ho Sang;Byun, Sung June;Jeoung, Nam Ho
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.28 no.12
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    • pp.1469-1476
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    • 2018
  • Occurrence of the Warburg effect in solid tumors causes resistance to cancer chemotherapy, and targeting energy metabolisms such as aerobic glycolysis is a potential strategy for alternative treatment. Dichloroacetate (DCA), an inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK), shifts glucose metabolism from aerobic glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) in many cancers. In this study, we investigated the anticancer effect of DCA on a human anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) cell line, 8505C. We found that DCA selectively inhibits cell proliferation of the 8505C line but not of a normal thyroid line. In 8505C, the cell cycle was arrested at the G1/S phase with DCA treatment as a result of decreased antiapoptotic proteins such as $HIF1{\alpha}$, PDK1, and Bcl-2 and increased proapoptotic proteins such as Bax and p21. DCA treatment enhanced the production of reactive oxygen species which consequently induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Interestingly, DCA treatment not only reduced lactate production but also increased the expression of sodium-iodine symporter, indicating that it restores the OxPhos of glucose metabolism and the iodine metabolism of the ATC. Taken together, our findings suggest that PDK inhibitors such as DCA could be useful anticancer drugs for the treatment of ATC and may also be helpful in combination with chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

Sulfasalazine Induces Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest in RAW 264.7 Macrophages (마우스 대식세포에서 설파살라진의 세포사멸 및 세포주기 정체에 미치는 영향 연구)

  • Seong Mi Kim;Sohyeon Park ;Jin-Kyung Kim
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.33 no.10
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    • pp.767-775
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    • 2023
  • Sulfasalazine is a disease-modifying antirheumatic abiotic agent. It is a derivative of aminosalicylic acid and has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's disease, since it was first synthesized in 1941 and approved as a medicine in the United States in 1950. However, its mechanism of action has not yet been clearly identified. In this study, the effects of sulfasalazine on cell survival, apoptosis, and cell cycle progression in macrophages, which are major immune cells that regulate inflammatory responses, were investigated using mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Sulfasalazine inhibited the viability of RAW 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner, starting at a concentration of 0.25 mM. Annexin-V staining was used to confirm that the decrease in cell viability was due to apoptosis, and the number of Annexin-V-positive cells increased significantly at a concentration of 0.25 mM or higher. The effect of sulfasalazine on the expression of key proteins that regulate the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle was also investigated. Sulfasalazine treatment significantly increased the expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p27 in RAW 264.7 cells. Although sulfasalazine is frequently used as a control drug in studies on inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory colitis and rheumatoid arthritis, studies on its effect on macrophages are very limited. Therefore, the results of this study are expected to provide vital information on the use of sulfasalazine as a disease treatment.

Induction of Apoptosis in AGS Human Gastric Cancer Cells by Platycarya strobilacea Leaf Extract (굴피나무 잎 추출물의 위암세포에 대한 세포사멸 유도 효과)

  • Lee, Hyeong-Seon
    • Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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    • v.49 no.3
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    • pp.283-288
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    • 2021
  • This study investigated the anticancer activity of methanol extract from Platycarya strobilacea leaf in AGS human gastric cancer cells. We determined the cell viability effect of P. strobilacea using MTS assay. Apoptosis induction and cell cycle arrest were confirmed by fluorescein isothiocyanate and propidium iodide staining using cellometer K2. The mRNA expression levels of the Bcl-2 family were confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The cell viability was decreased in a dose-dependent manner treated with different concentrations of P. strobilacea. Total, early, and late apoptotic cells were dramatically increased, and the cell cycle was arrested at the sub-G1 phase. The mRNA expressions of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL were reduced, whereas pro-apoptotic factors, Bax and Bak, were increased in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggested that P. strobilacea leaf extract induced significant apoptotic activity through an intrinsic mitochondria pathway.

Betaine Effects on Morphology, Proliferation, and p53-induced Apoptosis of HeLa Cervical Carcinoma Cells in Vitro

  • Guo, Yu;Xu, Li-Sha;Zhang, Ding;Liao, Ya-Ping;Wang, Hai-ping;Lan, Zhi-Hui;Guan, Wei-Jun;Liu, Chang-Qing
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • v.16 no.8
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    • pp.3195-3201
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    • 2015
  • Objectives: To investigate the effects of betaine on HeLa cell growth and apoptosis and molecular mechanisms. Materials and Methods: Concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, 5.0, 20.0, 100.0 mg/ml of betaine were used to evaluate the anticancer efficacy for HeLa cells respectively, and MCF-10A was also detected as a normal diploid cell control. Results: We found that proliferation of HeLa cells was inhibited significantly upon exposure to increasing betaine levels with the MTT test (p<0.05). The percentage of S phase cells in the low dose groups (<5mg/ml) were distinctly higher than in high dose groups, and the rates of Sub-G1 phase were the opposite (p<0.01); A high concentration of betaine (>5.0mg/ml) significantly promoted the apoptosis of HeLa cells (p<0.01). SOD activities of the low dose groups were slightly higher than the control group (p<0.05) and there were obvious synchronicity and correlation among the expression of promoting apoptosis genes Bax, P53, Caspase 3 and apoptosis suppression gene Bcl-2. In response to an apoptosis-inducing stimulus, p53 and cyclin D1 could be activated with blockage of the cell cycle at G1/S or S/G2 checkpoints. Conclusions: Our data showed that betaine could promote HeLa cells proliferation in vitro at low concentrations. In contrast, high concentrations could significantly inhibit cell growth and migration, and induce apoptosis of HeLa cells through caspase 3 signaling and further promoted necrosis. This might imply that betaine exhibits tumoricidal effects and acts as a biological response modifier in cancer treatment by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in a dose and time-dependent manner.

The Cytotoxic Effect of Oral Wet Wipes on Gingival Cells (시판 중인 구강청결티슈의 세포 독성 관찰)

  • Jung, Im-hee;Park, Ji Hyeon;Lee, Min Kyeng;Hwang, Young Sun
    • Journal of dental hygiene science
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    • v.18 no.2
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    • pp.76-84
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    • 2018
  • Wet wipes are being increasingly used because of their convenience. Particularly, oral wet wipes are useful for regular cleaning of a baby's mouth after birth. Therefore, the consumption of oral wet wipes has increased over the past few years and a variety of products are commercially available. However, product information on safety is not sufficiently provided and still raises doubts regarding adverse effects. To confirm the safety of wet wipes as an oral hygiene item and provide information for their use, we investigated the cytotoxicity of oral wet wipes and verified the underlying mechanism. The anti-bacterial effect of oral wet wipes was analyzed using the disk diffusion method. The cytotoxic effects of oral wet wipes were observed based on morphological changes using microscopy and determined using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay in gingival epithelial cells and gingival fibroblasts. Evaluation of apoptosis by oral wet wipes was explored using propidium iodide flow cytometric analysis and a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Apoptosis-related molecules were also analyzed using western blotting. Five types of oral wet wipes were tested, and two products from Fisher-Price and Dr. Kennedy revealed strong cytotoxic effects on gingiva epithelial cells and gingiva fibroblasts, although they also showed intense anti-bacterial effects on oral bacteria. Cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase and apoptosis were observed based on treatment of extracts from Fisher-Price and Dr. KENNEDY. Relatively high TUNEL levels, reduction of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 expression, and fragmentation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase were also elucidated. These results suggest that commercial oral wet wipes could exert cytotoxic influences on oral tissue, although there are anti-bacterial effects, and careful attention is required, especially for infants and toddlers.

GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS INDUCED BY $TAXOL^{(R)}$ AND CYCLOSPORIN A IN ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA CELL LINE USING CDNA MICROARRAY (cDNA Microarray를 이용한 구강편평세포암종 세포주에서 $Taxol^{(R)}$과 Cyclosporin A로 유도된 유전자 발현양상)

  • Kim, Yong-Kwan;Lee, Jae-Hoon;Kim, Chul-Hwan
    • Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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    • v.28 no.3
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    • pp.202-212
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    • 2006
  • It is well-known that paclitaxel($Taxol^{(R)}$), which is extracted from the pacific and English yew, has been used as a chemotherapeutic agent for ovarian carcinoma and advanced breast carcinoma and Cyclosporin A, which is highly lipophilic cyclic peptide and isolated from a fungus, has been also used as an useful immunosuppressive drug after transplantation and is associated with cellular apoptosis. Since 1953, in which James Watson, Rosalind Franklin and Francis Crick discovered the double helical structure of DNA, a few kinds of techniques for identifying gene expression have been developed. In postgenomic period, many of researchers have used the DNA microarray which is high throughput screening technique to screen large numbers of gene expression simultaneously. In this study, we searched and screened the gene expression in the oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines treated with $Taxol^{(R)}$, cyclosporin or cyclosporin combined with $Taxol^{(R)}$ using cDNA microarray. The results were as following; 1. It was useful that the appropriate concentration of Cyclosporin A and $Taxol^{(R)}$ used in oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line was under 1${\mu}g/ml$ and 3${\mu}g/ml$. 2. In the experimental group in which $Taxol^{(R)}$ and $Taxol^{(R)}$ + Cyclosporin A were used, the cell growth was extremely decreased. 3. In the group in which Cyclosporin A was used, the MTT assay was rarely decreased which means the activity of succinyl dehydrogenase is remained in mitochondria but in the group in which the mixture of Cyclosporin A and $Taxol^{(R)}$ were used, the MTT assay was extremely decreased. 4. In the each group in which Cyclosporin A(3 ${\mu}g/ml$) and $Taxol^{(R)}$(1 ${\mu}g/ml$) were used, the cell arrest was appeared in $G_2/M$ phase and in the group in which $Taxol^{(R)}$(3 ${\mu}g/ml$) was used, the cell arrest was appeared in both S phase and $G_2/M$ phase. 5. In the oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line treated with $Taxol^{(R)}$, several genes including ANGPTL4, RALBP1 and TXNRD1, associated with apoptosis, SUI1, MAC30, RRAGA and CTGF, related with cell growth, HUS1 and DUSP5, related with cell cycle and proliferation, ATF4 and CEBPG, associated with transcription factor, BTG1 and VEGF, associated with angiogenesis, FDPS, FCER1G, GPA33 and EPHA4 associated with signal transduction and receptor activity and AKR1C2 and UGTA10 related with carcinogenesis were detected in increased levels. The genes that showed increaced expression in the oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line treated with Cyclosporin A were CYR61, SERPINB2, SSR3 and UPA3A which are known as genes associated with cell growth, carcinogenesis, receptor activity and transcription factor. The genes expressed in the HN22 cell line treated with cyclosporin combined with $taxol^{(R)}$ were ALCAM and GTSE1 associated with cancer invasiveness and cell cycle regulation.

Evaluation of Effects of Metformin in Primary Ovarian Cancer Cells

  • Patel, Seema;Singh, Neeta;Kumar, Lalit
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • v.16 no.16
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    • pp.6973-6979
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    • 2015
  • Background: Ovarian cancer is the third most common cause of cancer in Indian women. Despite an initial 70-80% response rate, most patients relapse within 1-2 years and develop chemoresistance. Hence, identification or repositioning of drugs to resensitise ovarian cancer cells to existing chemotherapy is needed. Traditionally immortalized cell lines have been used in research, but these may contain genetic aberrations and chromosomal abnormalities serving as poor indicators of normal cell phenotype and progression of early-stage disease. The use of primary cells, maintained for only short periods of time in vitro, may serve as the best representative for studying in vivo conditions of the tissues from which they are derived. In this study we have attempted to evaluate the effect of metformin (an antidiabetic drug) in primary ovarian cancer cells because of its promising effect in other solid tumours. Materials and Methods: Primary cultures of epithelial ovarian cancer cells established from ascitic fluid of untreated ovarian cancer patients were used. The cells were treated with metformin at doses standardized by MTT assay and its ability to induce apoptosis was studied. The cells were analysed for apoptosis and apoptosis related proteins by flow cytometry and western blotting respectively. Results: Metformin induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells, provoking cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 and S phase. It induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells by, down-regulating Bcl-2 and up-regulating Bax expression. Conclusions: Metformin was able to induce apoptosis in primary ovarian cancer cells by modulating the expression of Bcl-2 family proteins. These data are relevant to ongoing translational research efforts exploring the chemotherapeutic potential of metformin.

Suppression of MED19 expression by shRNA induces inhibition of cell proliferation and tumorigenesis in human prostate cancer cells

  • Cui, Xingang;Xu, Danfeng;Lv, Chao;Qu, Fajun;He, Jin;Chen, Ming;Liu, Yushan;Gao, Yi;Che, Jianping;Yao, Yacheng;Yu, Hongyu
    • BMB Reports
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    • v.44 no.8
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    • pp.547-552
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    • 2011
  • MED19 is a member of the Mediator that plays a key role in the activation and repression of signal transduction or the regulation of transcription in carcinomas. To tested the functional role of MED19 in human prostate cancer, we downregulated MED19 expression in prostate cancer cells (PC-3 and DU145) by lentivirus-mediated short hairpin (shRNA), and analyzed the effect of inhibition of MED19 on prostate cancer cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. The in vitro prostate cancer cell proliferation, colony formation, and in vivo tumor growth in nude mice xenografts was significantly reduced after the downregulation of MED19. Knockdown of MED19 caused S-phase arrest and induced apoptosis via modulation of Bid and Caspase 7. It was suggested that MED19 serves as a novel proliferation regulator that promotes growth of prostate cancer cells.

The role of protein arginine-methyltransferase 1 in gliomagenesis

  • Wang, Shan;Tan, Xiaochao;Yang, Bin;Yin, Bin;Yuan, Jiangang;Qiang, Boqin;Peng, Xiaozhong
    • BMB Reports
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    • v.45 no.8
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    • pp.470-475
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    • 2012
  • Protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1), a type-I arginine methyltransferase, has been implicated in diverse cellular events. We have focused on the role of PRMT1 in gliomagenesis. In this study, we showed that PRMT1 expression was up-regulated in glioma tissues and cell lines compared with normal brain tissues. The knock-down of PRMT1 resulted in an arrest in the G1-S phase of the cell cycle, proliferation inhibition and apoptosis induction in four glioma cell lines (T98G, U87MG, U251, and A172). Moreover, an in vivo study confirmed that the tumor growth in nude mouse xenografts was significantly decreased in the RNAi-PRMT1 group. Additionally, we found that the level of the asymmetric dimethylated modification of H4R3, a substrate of PRMT1, was higher in glioma cells than in normal brain tissues and decreased after PRMT1 knock-down. Our data suggest a potential role for PRMT1 as a novel biomarker of and therapeutic target in gliomas.