• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.673-680
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• 2000

An experiment was conducted with day-old 300 commercial male broiler chicks (Arbor Acres$^{(R)}$) to evaluate the efficacy of crude phytase preparerations produced from a culture of Aspergillus ficcum. The experiment consisted of five dietary treatments; T1, com-soy control diet with 0.45% non-phytate phosphorus (NPP) for starter period and 0.35% NPP for grower period; T2, control - 0.1% NPP; T3, control 0.2% NPP; T4, T3+600 U of crude phytase (broth+cell); and T5, T3+600 U of crude phytase (broth). The body weight gain, feed intake, and feed/gain of chickens fed T1 diet was highest (p<0.01) among treatments. BW gain and feed intake of T4 and T5 were greater than those of T3 but were less than those of T1 and T2. T3 was highest in mortality among treatments. Decreasing the NPP level lowered availability of DM, crude ash, ether extract, crude fiber, Zn, and Fe but supplementation of crude phytase preparations improved the availability of these nutrients as well as those of Ca, P and Cu. Excretion of P and Cu significantly decreased as the NPP level in the diet decreased. Further reduction of P and Cu excretion and reduction of Ca, Mg and Fe excretion were achieved by supplementation of crude phytase preparations. The serum concentrations of Ca, P, Mg, Zn, Fe, and Cu were significantly increased by crude phytase supplementation. The weight and length of tibia, and contents of crude ash, Ca, P, Mg, and Zn were adversely affected by lowering NPP level but partially recovered by supplementation of crude phytase preparations. In conclusion, lowering NPP level in the broiler diet significantly depressed the performance. Supplementation of crude phytase preparations produced from Aspergillus ficuum could partially recover the depression.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권9호
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• pp.1299-1304
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• 2005

An experiment was conducted to study the production performance of broiler breeder females (25 to 40 weeks of age) fed either reference diet or low non-phytate phosphorus (NPP) diet with or without microbial phytase (500 FYT/kg) supplementation. A weighed (160 g/b/d) quantity of feed from each diet was offered daily to 40 replicates of one bird each housed in California type cage having individual feeders. Each cage was considered as a replicate. A continuous 16-h light per day was provided using incandescent bulbs. Body weight, egg production, egg weight, feed per egg mass, egg specific gravity, egg breaking strength, shell thickness, tibia ash and serum Ca and protein concentrations were not affected by reducing the NPP level from 0.30 to 0.18% in the broiler breeder diet. Supplementation of phytase (500 FYT/kg) enzyme to the diet containing 0.18% NPP had no added advantage on any of the above production parameters. The serum inorganic P was increased significantly (p<0.05) by either enhancing the NPP content from 0.18 to 0.30% or supplementing phytase @500 FYT/kg to the diet containing low P which were found comparable. Retention of Ca and P was positive on all the diets. P retention decreased significantly (p<0.05) with either increase in NPP content or phytase supplementation in the diet. Neither NPP nor phytase supplementation influenced bone mineralization in terms of tibia ash and strength. The hatchability was not influenced by either increasing the NPP content or supplementing the enzyme phytase. Similarly, the P concentration in the egg yolk and day old chick, day old and 14th day body weight and leg score was not altered by increasing the level of NPP or supplementing phytase enzyme. The mortality was within the normal limits in all the three dietary groups. Thus, it can be concluded that 0.18% NPP (288 mg NPP intake/b/d) in the broiler breeder' diet is adequate in sustaining the optimum performance from 25 to 40 wks of age. Enhancing the NPP content or supplementation of phytase (500 FYT/kg diet) to diet containing 0.18% NPP had no added advantage on performance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.933-938
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• 2007

An experiment was conducted to study the laying performance, shell quality, bone mineralization, hatchability of eggs and performance of progeny (weight at day one and 14 d of age, P content in day old chick, leg score and survivability of chicks) of synthetic broiler breeders fed different levels of non-phytate phosphorus (NPP). Six levels of NPP (1.2, 1.8, 2.4, 3.0, 3.6 and 4.2 g/kg diet) at a constant calcium (Ca) level (30 g/kg) in a maize-soya-deoiled rice bran based diet were tested. Levels of dicalcium phosphate, shell grit and deoiled rice bran were adjusted to achieve the desired levels of NPP and Ca. Each level of NPP was fed with a weighed quantity of feed (160 g/b/d) to 40 female broiler breeders from 25 to 40 weeks of age housed in individual cages. Each bird was considered as a replicate. Egg production, feed/egg mass, body weight, egg weight, shell weight, shell thickness, egg specific gravity, serum Ca content and tibia breaking strength were not influenced (p>0.05) by the variation in dietary NPP levels tested. Increasing the dietary levels of NPP did not influence the hatchability of eggs, phosphorus (P) contents both in egg yolk and day old chick, chick body weight at day one and 14 d of age, leg score and survivability of chicks up to 14 d of age. Maximum response ($p{\leq}0.01$) in shell breaking strength, tibia ash and serum inorganic P contents were observed at NPP levels of 2.09, 2.25 and 3.50 g per kg diet, respectively. The retention of Ca increased, while the P retention decreased ($p{\leq}0.01$) with increasing dietary levels of NPP. Though maximum responses in shell breaking strength, bone ash and serum inorganic P were observed at NPP higher than 1.2 g/kg diet, the broiler breeder performance in terms of egg production, shell quality, hatchability of eggs and progeny performance and their survivability was not influenced by dietary NPP concentrations. It is concluded that synthetic broiler breeders maintained in cages do not require more than 1.2 g NPP/kg diet with a daily intake of 192 mg NPP/b/d during 24 to 40 weeks of age.

• 대한전자공학회논문지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.62-70
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• 1984

비저항이 10Ω-cm, 두께가 13∼15mi1인 <111> oriented, p형 Si기판을 이용하여 N+PP+ BSF 전지와 에미터 영역이 N+N 고저 접합으로 이루어진 N+NPP+ HELEBSF(high low emitter bach surface field) 전지를 설계 제작하였다. 접합형 태양전지의 에미터 영역에서 고저 접합구조가 효율 개선에 미치는 영향을 검토하기 위해 HLEBSF 전지의 N영역을 제외하고는 같은 마스크와 동시 공정을 통해 N+PP-전지와 N+NPP+ 전지의 가영역에서 물리적 파라미터들(불순물 농도, 두께)을 동일하게 만들었다. 100mW/㎠의 인공조명에서 측정한 결과 N+PP+ 전지들의 전면적 (유효 수광면적) 평균 변환효율이 10.94%(12.16%)이었고, N+NPP+ 전지들의 평균 변환효율은 12.07% (13.41%)로 나타났다. N+NPP+ 전지의 효율개선은 N+N-고저 접합 에미터 구조가 N+ 에미터 영역에서 나타나는 heavy doping effects를 제거함으로써 에미터 재결합 전류의 증가를 억제하고 나아가 개방전압(Voc)과 단락전류(Ish)의 값을 증가시켜 준 결과로 볼 수 있다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.719-725
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• 2003

An experiment was conducted to study the requirement of calcium (Ca) and non-phytin phosphorus (NPP) in commercial broilers during starter phase. Seven hundred and twenty day-old Vencob male broiler chicks were randomly distributed into 144 stainless steel battery brooders, 5 birds in each. Four levels each of Ca (6, 7, 8, and 9 g/kg) and NPP (3, 3.5, 4, and 4.5 g/kg diet) were fed in a factorial design in a corn-soya basal diet. Levels of dicalcium phosphate and oyster shell grit were adjusted to obtain the desired levels of Ca and NPP. Each diet was fed ad libidum to chicks in 9 battery brooders from one d to 21 d of age. Body weight gain and feed intake were depressed (p<0.01) by increasing the dietary Ca level (8 and 9 g/kg) at lower levels of NPP (3 and 3.5 g/kg diet). The growth depression observed at lower NPP level was alleviated by reducing the Ca content to 6 g/kg diet. The tibia ash content and tibia breaking strength increased with increase in both Ca (>6 g/kg) and NPP (>3 g/kg) levels. The leg abnormality score decreased (p<0.01) with increase in NPP content in the diet at all levels of Ca tested. The serum Ca and inorganic P levels were increased with increase in the level of the respective mineral in the diet, but the serum concentration of Ca and P were inversely related to the level of NPP and Ca, respectively /kg diet. In general, the excretion of macro minerals (Ca, and P), and micro minerals {zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu)} was significantly lower at lower levels of Ca and NPP tested (6 and 3 g/kg diet, respectively). The mineral excretion increased with increase in dietary Ca and NPP levels, more conspicuously at the disproportionate ratio of these minerals (>2:1, Ca and NPP). Similarly, the retention of Zn, Mn, and Fe in liver was significantly higher (p<0.01) at lower levels of Ca and NPP tested. Results from this study indicate that the commercial broilers do not require more than 3 g NPP and 6g Ca/kg diet during starter phase (up to 21 d of age) for optimum weight gain, feed efficiency and utilization of Ca, P, Zn, Mn, Fe and Cu. However, the requirements of these minerals for optimum bone mineralization were higher than the levels suggested above.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제24권9호
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• pp.1226-1231
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• 2014

The rare actinomycete Pseudonocardia autotrophica was previously shown to produce a solubility-improved toxicity-reduced novel polyene compound named $\underline{N}ystatin$-like $\underline{P}seudonocardia$ $\underline{P}olyene$ (NPP). The low productivity of NPP in P. autotrophica implies that its biosynthetic pathway is tightly regulated. In this study, $wblA_{pau}$ was isolated and identified as a novel negative regulatory gene for NPP production in P. autotrophica, which showed approximately 49% amino acid identity with a global antibiotic down-regulatory gene, wblA, identified from various Streptomycetes species. Although no significant difference in NPP production was observed between P. autotrophica harboring empty vector and the S. coelicolor wblA under its native promoter, approximately 12% less NPP was produced in P. autotrophica expressing the wblA gene under the strong constitutive $ermE^*$ promoter. Furthermore, disruption of the $wblA_{pau}$ gene from P. autotrophica resulted in an approximately 80% increase in NPP productivity. These results strongly suggest that identification and inactivation of the global antibiotic down-regulatory gene wblA ortholog are a critical strategy for improving secondary metabolite overproduction in not only Streptomyces but also non-Streptomyces rare actinomycete species.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제53권9호
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• pp.3085-3099
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• 2021

Investigations of large commercial aircraft impact effect on nuclear power plant (NPP) buildings have been drawing extensive attentions, particularly after the 9/11 event, and this paper aims to numerically assess the damage and vibrations of NPP buildings subjected to aircrafts crash. In Part I of present paper, two shots of reduce-scaled model test of aircraft impact on NPP were conducted based on the large rocket sled loading test platform. In the present part, the numerical simulations of both scaled and prototype aircraft impact on NPP buildings are further performed by adopting the commercial program LS-DYNA. Firstly, the refined finite element (FE) models of both scaled aircraft and NPP models in Part I are established, and the model impact test is numerically simulated. The validities of the adopted numerical algorithm, constitutive model and the corresponding parameters are verified based on the experimental NPP model damages and accelerations. Then, the refined simulations of prototype A380 aircraft impact on a hypothetical NPP building are further carried out. It indicates that the NPP building can totally withstand the impact of A380 at a velocity of 150 m/s, while the accompanied intensive vibrations may still lead to different levels of damage on the nuclear related equipment. Referring to the guideline NEI07-13, a maximum acceleration contour is plotted and the shock damage propagation distances under aircraft impact are assessed, which indicates that the nuclear equipment located within 11.5 m from the impact point may endure malfunction. Finally, by respectively considering the rigid and deformable impacts mainly induced by aircraft engine and fuselage, an improved Riera function is proposed to predict the impact force of aircraft A380.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2001년도 합동 추계학술대회 논문집 정보 및 제어부문
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• pp.204-208
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• 2001

In this paper, we induce the linear transfer function of Downcomer water level of NPP(Nuclear Power Plant) Steam Generator using Genetic Algorithm and Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm. The characteristic of NPP S/G mechanism is so high-non-linear that it is hard to achieve mathematical expression. So we use non-mathematical Algorithms to get the model function of NPP S/G water level. S/G level controller would be designed with this transfer function as the plant.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2001년도 춘계학술대회논문집A
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• pp.616-621
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• 2001

Flow-accelerated corrosion(FAC) is a phenomenon that results in metal loss from piping, vessels, and equipment made of carbon steel. FAC occurs only under certain conditions of flow, chemistry, geometry, and material. Unfortunately, those conditions are in much of the high-energy piping in nuclear and fossil-fueled power plants. Also, for domestic NPP secondary pipings whose operating time become longer, more evidences of FAC have been reported. The authors are studying on FAC management using CHECWORKS, computer code developed by EPRI. This paper is on the prediction results of metal loss by FAC in the one of CANDU type NPP secondary piping systems.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.467-480
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• 2011

본 연구는 AVHRR(Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer)과 MODIS(MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) 위성관측을 바탕으로 산출된 남한지역의 장기간(1981-2006년) 순 일차생산량(Net Primary Production, NPP)의 시공간적 변화를 분석하고 그 변화에 영향을 미치는 기후요소와의 상관성을 분석하였다. 남한지역의 AVHRR과 MODIS에서는 연간순 열차생산량이 AVHRR의 경우 893-1068 $g{\cdot}C/m^2$ /yr과 MODIS의 경우 610-695 $g{\cdot}C/m^2$/yr로 나타나고 있으며 두 자료는 통계적으로 약 325 $g{\cdot}C/m^2$/yr 의 차이를 보이고 있다. 해상도 등의 차이가 있으나 지상 관측과 비교한 결과 MODIS 센서에 의한 관측이 보다 근접한 결과를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 위성관측자료 분석결과 NPP 값은 식생의 밀도가 높은 산림지역 및 연평균기온이 높은 지역에서 큰 것으로 나타났다. 두개의 위성센서로 산출된 순 열차생산량은 경년변화가 다소 크지만, 각각 장기간에 걸쳐 서서히 증가하고 있는 것으로 나타났으며 1981-2000년 동안 AVHRR에서 매년 평균 2.14 $g{\cdot}C/m^2$/yr, 2000-2006년 동안 MODIS에서 매년 평균 6.08 $g{\cdot}C/m^2$/yr 만큼 증가하였다. 특히 남서해안 지역은 두 위성관측결과 모두 순 일차생산량의 증가가 상대적으로 높았다. 토지피복 지도와 대조결과 그 이유는 논 밭 등의 관개와 비료시용에 의한 농작물의 생산성 증대와 관계가 있는 것으로 추정된다. NPP값은 월별 강수량 및 평균기온에 밀접한 관계가 있는 것으로 확인되었으며, 특히 남한지역의 여름몬순시기에서 강수량과 기온이 모두 가장 큰 상관관계를 보이고 있다. NPP 절대값의 차이 외에도 두 센서로 산출된 순 일차생산량과 기후요소와의 상관성 등의 차이는 두 자료의 토양호흡 등을 포함하는 등 위성자료 복원과정 및 관련 모텔의 차이에 의해 발생하는 것으로 사료된다. 또한 향후 보다 정확한 순 일차생산량을 계산하기 위해 복원과정에서 기상 실측자료 및 보다 현실적인 토지피복 등을 고려해야 할 것이다.