• 식물조직배양학회지
• /
• 제26권3호
• /
• pp.149-156
• /
• 1999

도라지 약배양에 있어서 저온처리가 화분 2형현상과 배형성에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 1핵성 소포자기의 도라지 약을 0.5 mg/L NAA와 1.0mg/L BA가 첨가된 MS배지에 배양하였다. 저온전처리는 이상화분과 균등분열에 의한 B형 화분, 다핵 및 다세포 화분수를 현저하게 증가시켰는데 특히 8$^{\circ}C$에서 5일간 저온전처리는 배양 전 이상화분이 20.6%가 증가되었고 배양 중에는 54.9%의 캘러스와 9.9%의 배형성율을 나타내 가장 효과적이었다. 배양 중 소포자로부터 배는 첫째. 주로 영양세포가 분열하거나 둘째, 영양세포와 생식세포가 각각 분열하거나 셋째, 균등분열에 의한 영양핵과 동일한 크기의 두 낭세포 모두가 분열하여 배를 형성하는 3가지 경로가 관찰되었다.

• Journal of Species Research
• /
• 제4권2호
• /
• pp.145-151
• /
• 2015

Morphological changes of flowers and insect visitors were observed to investigate pollinator of Caesalpinia decapetala. The flowers of C. decapetala are protandrous. Functionally, the flower is changed from male to female. As a male, pollen grain is released after anther dehisced while style is immature. After completed pollen grain release, the style starts to lengthen. It helps the stigma to easily touch the carpenter bee's thorax covered with pollen grain. At this time, flower functions as a female. The majority of taxa and individuals observed were Hymenoptera. The most frequent visitor was the Xylocopa appendiculata circumvolans, carpenter bee. Carpenter bees exhibited only typical pollinator behavior among flower visitors, with touching reproductive organs and seeking nectar at the same time. The pollination behavior is as follows. Soon after carpenter bees perceived guide mark, they foraged rightward and grasped style and stamens with legs and they inserted proboscis into standard petal to seek nectar. With this behavior, the pollen grains of the male flower transfer to the ventral thorax of the carpenter bee. As the carpenter bee moves to another female flower, the deposited pollen grains are delivered to the stigma.

• 식물조직배양학회지
• /
• 제21권5호
• /
• pp.253-275
• /
• 1994

Many flowering plants possess genetically controlled self -incompatibility (SI) system that prevents inbreeding and promotes outcrosses. SI is usually controlled by a single, multiallelic S-locus. In gametophytically controlled system, SI results when the S-allele of the pollen is matched by one of the two S-alleles in the style, while in the sporophytic system self-incompatible reaction occurs by the interaction between the pistil genotype and genotype of, not the pollen, but the pollen parent In the former system the self-incompatible phenotype of pollen is determined by the haploid genome of the pollen itself but in the latter the pollen phenotype is governed by the genotype of the pollen parent along with the occurrence of either to-dominant or dominant/recessive allelic interactions. In the sporophytic type the inhibition reaction occurs within minutes following pollen-stigma contact, the incompatible pollen grains usually failing to germinate, whereas in gametophytic system pollen tube inhibition takes place during growth in the transmitting tissue of the style. Recognition and rejection of self pollen are the result of interaction between the S-locus protein in the pistil and the pollen protein. In the gametophytic SI the S-associated glycoprotein which is similar to the fungal ribonuclease in structure and function are localized at the intercellular matrix in the transmitting tissue of the style, with the highest concentration in the collar of the stigma, while in the sporophytic SI deposit of abundant S-locus specific glycoprotein (SLSG).is detected in the cell wall of stigmatic papillae of the open flowers. In the gametophytic system S-gene is expressed mostly at the stigmatic collar the upper third of the style length and in the pollen after meiosis. On the other hand, in the sporophytic SI S-glycoprotein gene is expressed in the papillar cells of the stigma as well as in e sporophytic tape is cells of anther wall. Recognition and rejection of self pollen in the gametophytic type is the reaction between the ribonuclease in the transmitting tissue of the style and the protein in the cytoplasm of pollen tube, whereas in the sporophytic system the inhibition of selfed pollen is caused by the interaction between the Sycoprotein in the wall of stigmatic papillar cell and the tapetum-origin protein deposited on the outer wall of the pollen grain. The claim that the S-allele-associated proteins are involved in recognition and rejection of self pollen has been made merely based on indirect evidence. Recently it has been verified that inhibition of synthesis of S$_3$ protein in Petunia inflata plants of S$_2$S$_3$ genotype by the antisense S$_3$ gene resulted in failure of the transgenic plant to reject S$_3$ pollen and that expression of the transgenic encoding S$_3$ protein in the S$_1$S$_2$ genotype confers on the transgenic plant the ability to reject S$_3$ pollen. These finding Provide direct evidence that S-proteins control the s elf-incompatibility behavior of the pistil.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
• /
• 제21권E3호
• /
• pp.107-113
• /
• 2005

Using a sampling device of our own making, airborne pollen has been monitored in Kyoto, Japan from the middle of February to the end of May 2004. From the morphological analysis of pollen grains by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), it was possible to identify some pollen types like Cryptomeria, Pine, Alder, Cyclobalanopsis, Chamaecyparis, and Equisetum. Daily average airborne pollen counts show strong variations from the day to day which makes the appropriate daily forecasts that could be of practical use for patients difficult. Diurnal variation of airborne pollen grains at our local sampling site is very irregular and shows no similarity between pollen types. The highest concentrations of Cryptomeria and Alder pollens in the south -west wind directions might be attributed to the airborne pollen transport, while the increase in Pine pollen grain in the southern wind direction was probably due to the local spread. Prevailing wind direction (SW) during the pollinating periods of Cryptomeria and Alder pollens could suggest a long-distance transport from a distant mountain.

• Animal cells and systems
• /
• 제4권2호
• /
• pp.131-140
• /
• 2000

The pattern of variations in cone sex ratio and pollen traits such as pollen number and size was examined for two years in populations of red pines In Korea. We evaluated; (1) the relationship between tree size and cone sex ratio, (2) the relationship between year and cone sex ratio, and (3) the relationship between cone sex ratio and pollen traits. Larger trees in height and circumference at breast height produced more male as well as female cones. However, cone sex ratio was independent of these plant sizes. Across the two populations, both female cone numbers per tree and male cone numbers per new shoot increased 2.2 and 1.2 times, respectively, in 1999 compared to 1998, while the yearly pattern of male cone-bearing shoots per tree differed significantly between populations. Thus, cone sex ratio varied significantly between years in one of the two populations. Pollen traits such as the number of pollen grains and diameter did not vary significantly among populations. Pollen diameter and grain numbers per male cone were significantly negatively correlated with the cone sex ratio in two populations and one population, respectively. Trees which stopped female cone production in the first year and those which produced female cones in both years differed in the cone sex ratio and pollen size in the second year. The long duration of one reproductive episode and the potential of masting in red pines emphasize the need to conduct long-term studies on the dynamics of cone production, cone sex ratio, and simultaneous changes in pollen traits in red pines.

• 임산에너지
• /
• 제19권1호
• /
• pp.38-48
• /
• 2000

한국산 참나무아속 화분형태의 유사관계 및 종내변이를 조사하기 위하여 화분립의 국축길이, 적도면 폭, 구의 길이, 구의 폭을 측정하고 화분립의 국축길이에 대한 적도면 폭의 비율을 계산하였다. 본 연구 결과를 근거로 하여 군집분석을 수행한 결과 상수리나무와 굴참나무의 화분형태가 가장 유사관계가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 조사된 수종 중 화분립의 크기에 있어서 폭 넓은 변이를 나타내는 떡갈나무의 경우에는 polypoid와 (또는) aneuploid의 형태가 존재하는 것으로 추정되었다. 참나무아속 수종들의 ploidy levels에 대한 연구가 수행되어야 할 것이다.

• 생명과학회지
• /
• 제26권6호
• /
• pp.651-656
• /
• 2016

벌 화분은 꿀벌로부터 생산되며 자연으로부터 얻을 수 있는 가장 균형 잡힌 영양 식품으로 받아들여지고 있다. 역사적으로도 벌 화분은 질병치료와 에너지 보충의 목적으로 사용되어 왔다. 최근의 연구 결과에서는 벌 화분의 항산화, 항염증, 심지어 항암작용과 같은 다양한 생리활성이 과학적으로 규명되고 있다. 그러나 벌 화분은 exine이라는 외피로 둘러싸여 있어 강산이나 고압 그리고 소화효소 등에 매우 저항성이 강한 것으로 밝혀졌고, 이로 인하여 생체이용률이 낮아 영양공급과 임상적 이용에 제한을 받고 있다. 본 연구는 벌 화분의 외피를 분쇄할 수 있는 습식분쇄기술을 개발하여 벌 화분의 생리활성을 분석하고자 기획되었다. 먼저 습식분쇄를 통해 벌 화분의 외피가 효과적으로 분쇄됨을 현미경을 통해 확인하였다. 게다가 습식분쇄에 의해 벌 화분의 활성성분으로 잘 알려진 polyphenol 화합물의 양이 약 11배 증가하였고 ABTS 항산화 분석법과 DPPH 라디칼 소거능 시험을 통해 항산화 효과가 증가함을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과는 습식분쇄기술을 통해 벌 화분을 임상적 및 향장 목적으로 사용할 수 있음을 증명한다.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국작물학회 1998년도 추계 학술대회지
• /
• pp.22-34
• /
• 1998

Coarse grain crops including maize, sorghum, buckwheat, fox-tail millet, pearl millet, proso millet and barnyard millet have been used as health food, feed and industrial materials in Korea for a long time. Korean ancestors thought and treated them as the very important good crops for human health and the crops have served as a dish made with all the grains, particularly in January 15 of the lunar month in korea because the grains make the five viscera of heart, liver, spleen, lungs and kidneys and the six entrails of gall bladder, stomach, small and large intestines, the paunch, the bladder, and the bowels strong and build healthy body. Thus, the objectives of the paper were to review and summarize the results obtained from the quality breeding and functional researches worldwide on nutrition, utilization and medical action of the coarse grain crops. Maize grain, fresh ear and green fodder yields have increased since 1960s in Korea. Agronomic traits improvements also occurred for cold tolerance, disease and insect resistance, resistance to barrenness, resistance to loding, pollen production, grain and seed yields, and eating quality. For buckwheat, improved summer buckwheat varieties produced more rutin for vegetable and grain than autumn varieties in Korea

• 한국작물학회지
• /
• 제33권2호
• /
• pp.138-145
• /
• 1988

수도에 있어서 일대잡종 품종의 육종적 이용을 전제로 잡종종자생산을 극대화하기 위한 적합한 양친의 배치법을 구명하고자 웅성불임친으로 V20A/Iri 342$^{*8}$ 과, Iri342를 화분친으로 하여 출수기 풍향에 따라 2처리(남↔북, 동↔남), 재식밀도 4 처리(10$\times$15, 15$\times$15, 20$\times$15, 25$\times$15cm), 화분친의 재식열수 4처리(1, 2, 3, 4열) 및 CMS의 재식열수 4처리(1, 2, 3, 4열)를 두고 자연교잡 증대를 위한 인위적 처리를 가하지 않은 상태에서 각 처리별 증식용 종자 생산량을 검토하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1 출수기의 풍향과 수직으로 재식한 구가 다른구에 비하여 재식밀도 및 재식열수에 관계없이 종자 생산량이 많았으며 평균 46.9% 증가하였다. 2. 10$\times$15cm까지는 재식밀도가 높을수록 증수되었다. 최고 수량은 81.2kg/ha에 불과하였다. 그러나 수량의 변이가 구내의 개체간에서도, 동일 처리내의 반복구간에서도 비교적 컸다. 3. 환분친의 연속 재식열수가 많을수록 임실율은 높았으나 10a당 절대 수량은 화분친 1열 재식에서 가장 많았다. 4 CMS의 연속 재식열수가 적을수록 임실율은 높았으나 10a당 절대 수량은 CMS 4열 재식에서 가장 많았다. 5. 따라서 종자 생산량과 화분친의 수량 및 농작업과 관련하여 20$\times$15cm나 25$\times$15cm의 재식밀도로 하여 화분친 1열에 CMS 4열을 출수기 풍향과 수직이 되도록 재식하는 것이 가장 효율적인 것으로 생각한다.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
• /
• pp.19-19
• /
• 2017

The indica ${\times}$ japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars released in Japan since 1980 are high-yielding. However, occasionally in these cultivars their high yield potentials cannot be realized, particularly depending on climate conditions. The objectives of this study were to identify the reason for yield instability and the critical yield component factor causing lower grain yield in these high-yielding cultivars. Standard-yield japonica, high-yielding japonica-dominant, and indica-dominant cultivars were grown in western Japan. Rough grain yield (RY) in these high-yielding cultivars ranged from 450 to $980g\;m^{-2}$, and was positively correlated with potential grain yield (PRY). By fluctuations of solar radiation, RY changed with spikelet number (SNO), and SNO was correlated with cumulative radiation during the panicle formation period of 30 days before heading. Even if higher SNO was achieved under higher radiant conditions, RY was lower than PRY. The lower grain-filling in plants bearing higher SNO resulted from a lower filling percentage of spikelets (%F, RY/PRY), and %F was strongly correlated with spikelet fertility (%S) across all cultivars. %S was highly influenced by cumulative radiation per PRY during pollen development and establishment around heading. Inhibition of assimilation by leaf removal lowered %S. Conversely, stem thinning and removal of upper panicles around heading increased %S in spikelets of the lower part of the panicle in which sterility was higher. These results suggest that limitation of assimilate-supply due to low irradiance at the spikelet-formation and flowering stages restrains the potential of the high-yielding cultivars, depending on reduction of SNO and %S, respectively.