Mucor Miehei 응유효소(凝乳酵素)로 제조(製造)한 Camembert Cheese의 숙성(熟成)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究) (The Ripening of Camembert Cheese Made with Mucor Miehei Rennet)
-
- 농업과학연구
- /
- 제16권2호
- /
- pp.179-200
- /
- 1989
Camembert cheese 제조(製造)에 있어 calf rennet의 대체이용(代替利用)을 위(爲)한 기초연구(基礎硏究)로서 Mucor miehei 응유효소(凝乳酵素)를 calf rennet와 일정(一定) 비율(比率)로 혼합(混合) 첨가(添加)하고 cheese의 수율(收率), 숙성기간(熟成期間)에 따른 일반성분(一般成分)의 변화(變化), 실소화합물(室素化合物), 아미노산(酸), 유리지방산(遊離脂肪酸), 무기물(無機物)의 변화(變化) 및 분자량별(分子量別) 분획(分劃), 전기영동(電氣泳動), 조직특성(組織特性) 및 관능검사(官能檢査) 연구(硏究)에서 얻은 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. Camembert eheese의 수율(收率)은 15%로서 calf rennet와 Mucor rennet간(間)에는 큰 차이(差異)이 없었다. 2. 단백질(蛋白質), 지방(脂肪) 및 회분함량(灰分含量은 Mucor rennet편이 적었으며 숙성(熟成)이 진행(進行)됨에 따라 유당(乳糖)은 14일 이후(以後) 급격(急激)한 감소현상(減少現像)을 나타내고 첨가비율(添加比率)에 따른 차이(差異)는 인정(認定)되지 않았다. 3. 제조직후(製造直後) 수용성(水溶性) 질소량(窒素量)은 14.7~17.3%였으나 숙성(熟成)이 진행(進行)됨에 따라 39.7~41.0%로 증가(增加)하였으며 숙성(熟成) 21일(日)에는 calf rennet에 비(比)하여 Mucor rennet편이 높았고 비(非)케이신태(態) 질소(窒素) 및 암모니아태(態) 질소(窒素)는 21일(日) 이후(以後) Mocor rennet편이 높은 증가율(增加率)을 나타내었다. 4. 숙성(熟成)이 진행(進行)됨에 따라 calf rennet에 비(比)하여 Mucor rennet편이 cysteine, phenylalanine 및 proline 등(等)이 증가(增加)하였으나 aspartic acid, threonine 및 glutamic acid등(等)은 감소(減少)하였다. 5. 유리지방산량(遊離脂肪酸量)은 calf rennet에 비(比)하여 Mucor rennet편이 높았고 숙성(熟成)이 진행(進行)됨에 따라 8.36 mEq으로부터 26.36 mEq에 이르는 함량(含量) 증가(增加)를 나타냈으나 처리간(處理間)에는 유의성(有意性)있는 큰 차이(差異)를 나타내지 않았다. 6. 시료중(試料中)의 Ca량(量)은 0.238~0.272%, Mg량(量)은 0.019~0.002%, Na은 0.910~1.047%, K은 0.175~0.200%였으며 casein에서 중요(重要)한 비침전성(非沈澱性) Ca량(量)은 숙성기간(熟成期間)과 효소첨가중(酵素添加重)에 관계(關係)없이 61%에서 77%까지 Mg에서는 59.1%에서 92.5%까지 비침전성(非沈澱性) 수용성(水溶性)으로 남아 있었다. 7. 분자량(分子量) 50,000이상(以上)의 단백질(蛋白質)은 숙성9熟成)이 진행(進行)됨에 따라 초기(初期)의 95%에서 45%까지 감소(減少)되고 분자량(分子量) 10,000이하(以下)는 0.2에서 38%까지 증가(增加)되어 숙성(熟成)에 의(依)한 casein의 분해(分解)가 확실(確實)하였다. 8. 숙성(熟成) 2주(週)부터 Mucor rennet의 첨가비율(添加比率)에 따라 casein의 전기영동(電氣泳動)은 다르게 나타났으며 숙성(熟成) 4주(週)에는 calf rennet 처리구(處理區)에 비(比)하여 Mucor rennet 처리구(處理區)의 전(全) band는 다소 잔존(殘存)함을 볼 수 있었다. 9. in vitro소화율(消化率)은 처리(處理)에 따라 81.48~94.81%로 부터 94.47~98.61%로 증가(增加)하였으며 처리간(處理間)에는 유의(有意)한 차이(差異)를 나타내지 않았다. 10. Mucor rennet 처리구(處理區)는 calf rennet처리구(處理區)에 비(比)하여 Hardness가 낮았으며 숙성(熟成)이 진행(進行)됨에 따라 더욱 감소(減少)하였다. 11. 관능검사(官能檢査) 결과(結果) Camembert cheese의 표면상태(表面狀態), 촉감(觸感), 절단면(切斷面), 풍미(風味) 및 고미등(苦味等)은 calf rennet와 Mucor rennet 처리간(處理間)에 차이(差異)를 인정(認定)할 수 없었다.
The levels of health knowledge, attitude and practice of housewives considerably effect to the health of households, communities and the nation. This study was designed to grasp the levels of health knowledge, attitude and practice of houswives and analyse the various factors effecting to health in order to provide health education services as well as materials for effective formulation and implementation of health policy to improve the health of the nation. This study has been conducted through interviews by trained surveyers for 4,281 housewives selected from 4,500 households throughout the country for 40 days during July 11-August 20, 1983. The results of survey were analysed by stepwise multiple regression and path analysis are summarized as follows; 1. Based on the measurement instrument applied to this study, the levels of health knowledge, attitude and practice of housewives were extremely low with 54.5 points out of 100 points in full. Higher level with 72 points and above was approximately 21 percent and lower level with 39 points and below was approx. 24 percent. The middle level was approx. 55 percent. In order to implement health programs successively, health education should be more strengthened and to improve the level of health knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of the nation, political consideration as a part of spiritual reformation must be concentrated on health. 2. The level of health knowledge indicated the highest points with 57.3 the level of attitude was the second with 55.0 points and the practice level was the lowest with 50.0 point. Therefore, planning and implementation of health education program must be based on the persuasion and motivation that health knowledge turn into practice. 3. Housewives who had higher level of health knowledge, showed their practice level was relatively lower and those who had middle or low level of it practice level was the reverse. 4. Correlations among health knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) were generally higher and statistically significant at 0.1 percent level. Correlation between total health KAP level and health knowledge was the highest with r=.8092. 5. Health KAP levels showed significant differences according to the age, number of children, marital status, self-assessed health status and concern on health of the housewives interviewed (p<0.001) 6. Health KAP levels also showed significant differences according to the education level, economic status, employment before marriage and grown-up area of the housewives interviewed. (p<0.001) 7. Heath KAP levels showed significant differences according to health insurance benificiary and the existence of patients in the family. (p<0.001). 8. Health KAP levels showed significant differences according to distance to government organizations, schools, distance to health facilities, telephone possession rate, television possession rate, newspaper reading rate and activities of Ban meeting and Women's club. (p<0.001) 9. Health KAP levels showed significant differences according to electric mass communication media such as television, radio and village broadcasting etc. and printed media such as newspaper, magazine and booklets etc., IEC variables such as individual consultation and husband-wife communication, however, there was no significance with group training. 10. Health KAP of the housewives showed close correlation with personal characteristics variables, i.e., education level (r=.5302), age (r=-.3694) grown-up area (r=.3357) and employment before marriage. In general, correlation of health knowledge level was higher than the levels of attitude or practice. In case of health concern and health insurance, correlation of practice level was higher than health knowledge level. 11. Health KAP levels showed higher correlation with community environmental characteristics, Ban meeting and activity of Women's club, however, no correlation with New-village movement. 12. Among IEC variables, husband-wife communication showed the highest correlation with health KAP levels and printed media, electric mas communication media and health consultation in order. Therefore, encouragement of husband-wife communication and development of training program for men should be included in health education program. 13. Mass media such as electric mass com. and printed media were effective for knowledge transmission and husband-wife communication and individual consultation were effective for health practice. Group training was significant for knowledge transmission, however, but not significant for attitude formation or turning to health practice. To improve health KAP levels, health knowledge should be transmitted via mass media and health consultation with health professionals and field health workers should be strengthened. 14. Correlation of health KAP levels showed that knowledge level was generally higher than that of practice and recognized that knowledge was not linked with attitude or practice. 15. The twenty-five variables effecting health KAP levels of housewives had 41 per cent explanation variances among which education level had great contribution (β=.2309) and electric mass com. media (β=.1778), husband-wife communication (β=.1482), printed media, grown-up area, and distance to government organizations in order. Variances explained (R²) of health KAP were 31%, 15%, and 30% respectively. 16. Principal variables contributed to health KAP were education level (β=.12320, β=.1465), electric mass comm. media (β=.1762, β=.1839), printed media, (β=.1383, β=.1420) husband-wife communication (β=.1004, β=.1067), grown-up area and distance to government organizations, in order. Since education level contributes greatly to health KAP of the housewives, health education including curriculum development in primary, middle and high schools must be emphasized and health science must be selected as one of the basic liberal arts subject in universities. 17. Variences explained of IEC variables to health KAP were 19% in total, 14% in knowledge, 9% in attitude, and 10% in health practice. Contributions of IEC variables to health KAP levels were printed media (β=.3882), electric mass comm media (β=.3165), husb-band wife com. (β=.2095,) and consultation on health (β=.0841) in order, however, group training showed negative effect (β=-.0402). National fund must be invested for the development of Health Program through mass media such as TV and radio etc. and for printed materials such as newspaper, magazines, phamplet etc. needed for transmission of health knowledge. 18. Variables contributed to health KAP levels through IEC variables with indirect effects were education level (Ind E=0.0410), health concern (Ind E=.0161), newspaper reading rate (Ind E=.0137), TV possession rate and activity of Ban meeting in order, however, health facility showed negative effect (Ind E=-.0232) and other variables showed direct effect but not indirect effect. 19. Among the variables effecting health KAP level, education level showed the highest in total effect (TE=.2693) then IEC (TE=.1972), grown-up city (TE=.1237), newspaper reading rate (TE=.1020), distance to government organization (TE=.095) in order. 20. Variables indicating indirect effects to health KAP levels were; at knowledge level with R²=30%, education level (Ind E=.0344), newspaper reading rate (Ind E=.0112), TV possession rate (Ind E=.0689), activity of Ban meeting (Ind E=.0079) in order and at attitude level with R²=13%, education level (Ind E=. 0338), activity of Ban meeting (Ind E=.0079), and at practice level with R²=29%. education level (Ind E=.0268), health facility (Ind E=.0830) and concern on health (Ind E=.0105). 21. Total effect to health KAP levels and IEC by variable characteristics, personal characteristics variables indicated larger than community characteristics variables. 22. Multiple Correlation Coefficient (MCC) expressed by the Personal Characteristic Variable was .5049 and explained approximately 25% of variances. MCC expressed by total Community environment variable was .4283 and explained approx. 18% of variances. MCC expressed by IEC Variables was .4380 and explained approx. 19% of variances. The most important variable effected to health KAP levels was personal characteristic and then IEC variable, Community Environment variable in order. When the IEC effected with personal characteristic or community characteristic, the MCC or the variances were relatively higher than effecting alone. Therefore it was identified that the IEC was one of the important intermediate variable.
The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70
The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70