• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.912-920
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• 2015

The study was designed to investigate the effects of die temperature and $CO_2$ injection on the physical and antioxidant properties of extruded rice with tomato flour. Moisture content and screw speed were fixed at 25% and 150 rpm, respectively. Die temperatures and $CO_2$ injection were adjusted to 80, 110, and $140^{\circ}C$ and 0, and 300 mL/min, respectively. Specific mechanical energy input decreased as die temperature increased from 80 to $140^{\circ}C$. The expansion index increased, while bulk density decreased with $CO_2$ injection. All extrudates showed increased water soluble index (WSI) and water absorption index through the extrusion process. WSI increased as die temperature increased. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity and total phenolic compounds increased as die temperature increased from 80 to $140^{\circ}C$. Total carotenoid and lycopene contents decreased through the extrusion process. Total carotenoid and lycopene contents upon 0 mL/min $CO_2$ injection and $140^{\circ}C$ die temperature were highest at $6.65{\mu}g/g$ and 2.69 mg/kg, respectively. In conclusion, $CO_2$ injection affects expansion properties while an increased die temperature leads to increased DPPH radical scavenging activity and total phenols.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.413-420
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• 2019

In this study, a sample preparation method and a simultaneous determination method by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry for 9 isomers of chlorogenic acid and arbutin in fruits were developed. The samples were extracted using 90% methanol (pH 3.0), with the solutions being shaken and then sonicated for 10 min each. After centrifugation at 4,000 rpm for 10 min, the extraction was concentrated under a vacuum at $40^{\circ}C$ using a vacuum evaporator. The residue was dissolved in 5 mL of 5% methanol and filtered through a $0.45{\mu}m$ membrane before UHPLC-MS/MS analysis. The separations were performed on a C18 column with gradient elution of water (containing 0.1% formic acid) and methanol (containing 0.1% formic acid). The specificity, linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, accuracy, and precision of the proposed methods were also evaluated.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.36-43
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• 2018

In this study, we investigated the inhibition effect of various herbs on the rancidity of soybean oil. The antioxidant activity of herb-infused oils was evaluated by examining their total phenolic contents and DPPH radical scavenging abilities. The total phenolic contents were found to increase with addition of herbs to the soybean oil. Rosemary-infused oil (RO) exhibited the highest total phenolic contents ($77.28{\mu}g\;GE/mL$), followed by the lemon-balm-infused oil (LO), green-tea-infused oil (GO), and soybean oil (SO) alone (36.82, 36.66, and $21.24{\mu}g\;GE/mL$, respectively). Similary, the DPPH radical scavenging activity of the herb infused oil also increased. Moreover, measurements on the total polar compound (TPC) contents, acid value, and p-anisidine value were carried out in order to confirm the changes in the rancidity of the oils during frying. The time for the TPC content to reach 25% was confirmed to be delayed from 62 h for SO to 68 h, 74 h, and 80 h for GO, RO, LO, respectively. Even though there were some differences between the p-anisidine and acid values, it was confirmed that the addition of herbs inhibited the rancidity of soybean oil. Therefore, the results in this study show that adding herbs to soybean oil could positively contribute to the inhibition of oxidation and rancidity.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.1185-1194
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• 2011

This study was carried out to estimate carbon emission using LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) and to establish LCI (Life Cycle inventory) DB for lettuce production system in protected cultivation. The results of data collection for establishing LCI DB showed that the amount of fertilizer input for 1 kg lettuce production was the highest. The amounts of organic and chemical fertilizer input for 1 kg lettuce production were 7.85E-01 kg and 4.42E-02 kg, respectively. Both inputs of fertilizer and energy accounted for the largest share. The amount of field emission for $CO_2$, $CH_4$ and $N_2O$ for 1 kg lettuce production was 3.23E-02 kg. The result of LCI analysis focused on GHG (Greenhouse gas) showed that the emission value to produce 1 kg of lettuce was 8.65E-01 kg $CO_2$. The emission values of $CH_4$ and $N_2O$ to produce 1 kg of lettuce were 8.59E-03 kg $CH_4$ and 2.90E-04 kg $N_2O$, respectively. Fertilizer production process contributed most to GHG emission. Whereas, the amount of emitted nitrous oxide was the most during lettuce cropping stage due to nitrogen fertilization. When GHG was calculated in $CO_2$-equivalents, the carbon footprint from GHG was 1.14E-+00 kg $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$. Here, $CO_2$ accounted for 76% of the total GHG emissions from lettuce production system. Methane and nitrous oxide held 16%, 8% of it, respectively. The results of LCIA (Life Cycle Impact assessment) showed that GWP (Global Warming Potential) and POCP (Photochemical Ozon Creation Potential) were 1.14E+00 kg $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$ and 9.45E-05 kg $C_2H_4$-eq. $kg^{-1}$, respectively. Fertilizer production is the greatest contributor to the environmental impact, followed by energy production and agricultural material production.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.892-897
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• 2010

LCA (Life Cycle assessment) was carried out to estimate on carbon footprint and to establish of LCI (Life Cycle Inventory) database of sweetpotato production system. Based on collecting the data for operating LCI, it was shown that input of organic fertilizer was value of 3.26E-01 kg $kg^{-1}$ and it of mineral fertilizer was 1.02E-01 kg $kg^{-1}$ for sweetpotato production. It was the highest value among input for sweetpotato production. And direct field emission was 2.47E-02 kg $kg^{-1}$ during sweetpotato cropping. The result of LCI analysis focussed on greenhouse gas (GHG) was showed that carbon footprint was 4.05E-01 kg $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$ sweetpotato. Especially $CO_2$ for 71% of the GHG emission and the value was 2.88E-01 kg $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$ sweetpotato. Of the GHG emission $CH_4$, and $N_2O$ were estimated to be 18% and 11%, respectively. It might be due to emit from mainly fertilizer production (32%) and sweetpotato cultivation (28%) for sweetpotato production system. $N_2O$ emitted from sweetpotato cultivation for 90% of the GHG emission. With LCIA (Life Cycle Impact Assessment) for sweetpotato production system, it was observed that the process of fertilizer production might be contributed to approximately 90% of GWP (global warming potential). Characterization value of GWP and POCP were 4.05E-01 $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$ and 5.08E-05 kg $C_2H_4$-eq. $kg^{-1}$, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.364-370
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• 2009

This study was conducted to survey, analyze on the compaction layer and the plow layer at Jeonbug and Jisan series paddy soil, which is the representative soil in fluvio-marine and local alluvium, respectively. The depths of surface soil were 12.6 and 12.7 cm in Jeonbug and Jisan series, respectively. A plowing depth was 10.5 cm. The properties of compaction layer in two soil series were as follows. The hardness were $14.7kg\;cm^{-2}(25.3mm)$ and $8.7kg\;cm^{-2}(22.1mm)$ in Jeonbug and Jisan series, respectively. The thickness were 22.3 cm and 17.8 cm in Jeonbug and Jisan series, respectively. The depth of soil compaction, which means depth from surface, were 15 and 20 cm in Jeonbug and Jisan series, respectively. The relationship between the hardness of compaction layer and the depth of surface soil showed negative correlation, however relationship between the hardness and the thickness of compaction layer showed positive correlation. Soil temperature was lower in compaction layer than in plow layer. This temperature differences between compaction layer and plow layer were from 1.0 to $2.5^{\circ}C$ in Jeonbug series and from 0.7 to 2.1 in Jisan series. The soil physical properties of compaction layer were higher in bulk density and solid phase and lower in porosity and gaseous phase than those of plow layer in all soil series. The soil chemical properties of compaction layer were higher in pH, content of available silicate, exchangeable calcium and magnesium but lower in total nitrogen, content of organic matter and available phosphate than those of plow layer in all soil series. Cation exchangeable capacity and content of exchangeable potassium were similar between compaction layer and plow layer in Jeonbug series, however, in Jisan series these were lower in compaction layer than in plow layer. Elution amount of inorganic nitrogen were lower in compaction layer than in plow layer in all soil series. The content of soluble Fe and Mn were plenty in compaction layer compared with plow layer and these tendency was apparent in Jeonbug series. The water depth decrease were fast until the latter part of June, and were slow as $1{\sim}3mm\;day^{-1}$ for July and August, and were fast again from september. Rice roots distributions as each soil series and tillage method were 25 cm at rotary plowing in Jeonbug series, 30 cm at deep plowing in Jeonbug series, and 20 cm at tillage in Jisan series. Dry weight per m2 at heading stage were much in order of deep plowing in Jeonbug series, rotary plowing in Jeonbug series, and tillage in Jisan series.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.904-910
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• 2010

LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) carried out to estimate carbon footprint and to establish of LCI (Life Cycle Inventory) database of pepper production system. Pepper production system was categorized the field cropping (redpepper) and the greenhouse cropping (greenpepper) according to pepper cropping type. The results of collecting data for establishing LCI D/B showed that input of fertilizer for redpepper production was more than that for greenpepper production system. The value of fertilizer input was 2.55E+00 kg $kg^{-1}$ redpepper and 7.74E-01 kg $kg^{-1}$ greenpepper. Amount of pesticide input were 5.38E-03 kg $kg^{-1}$ redpepper and 2.98E-04 kg $kg^{-1}$ greenpepper. The value of field direct emission ($CO_2$, $CH_4$, $N_2O$) were 5.84E-01 kg $kg^{-1}$ redpepper and 2.81E+00 greenpepper, respectively. The result of LCI analysis focussed on the greenhouse gas (GHG), it was observed that the values of carbon footprint were 4.13E+00 kg $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$ for redpepper and 4.70E+00 kg $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$ for greenpepper; especially for 90% and 6% of $CO_2$ emission from fertilizer and pepper production, respectively. $N_2O$ was emitted from the process of N fertilizer production (76%) and pepper production (23%). The emission value of $CO_2$ from greenhouse production was more higher than it of field production system. The result of LCIA (Life Cycle Impact Assessment) was showed that characterization of values of GWP (Global Warming Potential) were 4.13E+00 kg $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$ for field production system and 4.70E+00 kg $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$ for greenhouse production system. It was observed that the process of fertilizer production might be contributed to approximately 52% for redpepper production system and 48% for greenpepper production system of GWP.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.371-378
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the improvement effect of soil fertility by incorporation of GMC(green manure crops) at rice cropping after cultivation GMC such as the barley for alternative rye in paddy field over the past two years(2006~2007). Plots, which consisted of incorporation time of GMC as rye; heading stage, barley; heading stage, heading stage of rye and 10days after heading stage were divided by amount of applied rates; standard fertilizer fertilization, diagnosis fertilization and non-fertilization. we investigated change of soil physico-chemical properties, degree of decomposition on GMC in soil, growth and yield potential. The obtained results were summarized as follows. The fresh weight of GMC at incorporation time on heading stage of rye, heading stage and 10days after heading stage of barley were $2,715,\;2,352,\;2,867kg\;10a^{-1}$ respectively. Content of total nitrogen at three incorporation times was 1.31, 1.46, 1.38% and the C/N ratio were 33.4, 28.7, and 34.6, respectively. Some soil physical properties, such as soil hardness and bulk density tended to decrease with incorporation of GMC, while surface soil depth and porosity were increased. Some soil chemical properties, such as content of exchangeable cations and cation exchangeable capasity(CEC) were increased with incorporation of GMC compared with before experiment. Rice yields was increased 3~9% in diagnosis application plots on application of barley compared with control($559kg\;10a^{-1}$) and incorporation of barley caused to improve perfect kernel ratio 73.6~78.7% in appearance characteristics of brown rice compared with cotrol(73.0%). It was found that incorporation with 10days after heading stage of barley was more effective to reduce chemical nitrogen fertilizer and to improve soil fertility.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.898-903
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• 2010

This study was carried out to estimate carbon emission using LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) and to establish LCI (Life Cycle Inventory) database of soybean production system. Based on collecting the data for operating LCI, it was shown that input of organic fertilizer was value of 3.10E+00 kg $kg^{-1}$ soybean and it of mineral fertilizer was 4.57E-01 kg $kg^{-1}$ soybean for soybean cultivation. It was the highest value among input for soybean production. And direct field emission was 1.48E-01 kg $kg^{-1}$ soybean during soybean cropping. The result of LCI analysis focussed on greenhouse gas (GHG) was showed that carbon footprint was 3.36E+00 kg $CO_2$-eq $kg^{-1}$ soybean. Especially $CO_2$ for 71% of the GHG emission. Also of the GHG emission $CH_4$, and $N_2O$ were estimated to be 18% and 11%, respectively. It might be due to emit from mainly fertilizer production (92%) and soybean cultivation (7%) for soybean production system. $N_2O$ was emitted from soybean cropping for 67% of the GHG emission. In $CO_2$-eq. value, $CO_2$ and $N_2O$ were 2.36E+00 kg $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$ soybean and 3.50E-01 kg $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$ soybean, respectively. With LCIA (Life Cycle Impact Assessment) for soybean production system, it was observed that the process of fertilizer production might be contributed to approximately 90% of GWP (global warming potential). Characterization value of GWP was 3.36E+00 kg $CO_2$-eq $kg^{-1}$.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.12
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• pp.1079-1087
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• 2021

To analyze gut microbiota of livestock in Korea and compare taxonomic differences, we conducted 16S rRNA metagenomic analysis through next-generation sequencing. Fecal samples from broiler chickens, pigs, and cattle were collected from domestic feedlots randomly. α-diversity results showed that significant differences in estimated species richness estimates (Chao1 and ACE, Abundance-based coverage estimators) and species richness index (OUTs, Operational taxonomic units) were identified among the three groups. However, NPShannon, Shannon, and Simpson indices revealed that abundance and evenness of the species were statistically significant only for poultry (broiler chickens) and mammals (pigs and cattle). Firmicutes was the most predominant phylum in the three groups of fecal samples. Linear discriminant (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) analysis was conducted to reveal the ranking order of abundant taxa in each of the fecal samples. A size-effect over 2.0 on the logarithmic LDA score was used as a discriminative functional biomarker. As shown by the fecal analysis at the genus level, broiler chickens were characterized by the presence of Weissella and Lactobacillus, as well as pigs were characterized by the presence of provetella and cattele were characterized by the presence of Acinetobacter. A permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) showed that differences of microbial clusters among three groups were significant at the confidence level. (p=0.001). This study provides basic data that could be useful in future research on microorganisms associated with performance growth, as well as in studies on the livestock gut microbiome to increase productivity in the domestic livestock industry.