• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.42 no.4
• /
• pp.139-149
• /
• 2018

Background: Ethiopia is among the poorest countries where land degradation caused livelihood problem to its inhabitants. The livelihood of rural communities in Ethiopia is seriously threatened by land degradation. Land is the major natural resource that economic, social, infrastructure, and other human activities are undertaken on. Thus, land resources play an important role in shaping rural livelihoods, and lack of sustainable land management practices leads to land degradation. Thus, this study aimed to analyze interlink between land degradation and livelihood of rural communities in Chilga district, Northwest Ethiopia. It also addresses the factors which influence income diversification for livelihood of households in the study area. Result: The result depicts that the major causes of land degradation are both natural and anthropogenic. Land degradation and livelihood are negatively interlinked with each other. The livelihood of the majority of the population in the study area is dependent on subsistence agriculture both farming and animal husbandry with low diversification. The survey result showed that more than half (69%) of the sample households have farm size of less than 2 ha, nearly one third (31%) have 2.0-2.5 ha, and insignificant number of farmers have more than 2.5 ha. More than 80% of the respondents pointed out that land degradation has impacts both on crop yield and livestock production. Most of the explanatory variables such as gender, age, education level, farmland size, and family size have statistical significant influence (at P < .01 and P < .05 levels) for income diversification of households, while marital status on the other hand is not statistically significant though it has positive relation with income diversification in this study. Conclusions: Our results suggest awareness should be created in the community about the livelihood diversification mechanisms which enabled them to engage in different income-generating activities and comprehensive watershed management should be implemented.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.103-114
• /
• 2014

The objective of this study was to develop agricultural reservoir water supply simulation system to assess water cycle of agricultural water district. Developed system was named as ARWS (Agricultural Reservoir Water supply simulation System). ARWS consists of platform and independent modules. In ARWS, reservoir inflow was calculated using Tank model, and agricultural water supply was calculated considering current farming period and mid-summer drainage. ARWS was applied to simulate water level of Gopung and Tapjung reservoir in 2011 - 2012. The results were compared to simulation results of HOMWRS and observed data. Average $R^2$, EI, RMSE of ARWS were 0.76, 0.46, 1.78 (m), average $R^2$, EI, RMSE of HOMRWS were 0.88, -0.14, 2.37 (m) respectively. Considering statistical variances, water level simulation results of ARWS were more similar to observed data than HOMWRS. ARWS can be useful to estimate reservoir water supply and assess hydrological processes of agricultural water district.

• Journal of The Korean Digital Architecture Interior Association
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.15-21
• /
• 2008

The district unit planning (DUP) in Korea is a planning instrument. One of the key methods is the incentive system focused on the mitigation of the financial charge of business proprietors with use of various planning deregulation. Here in this paper, it is examined whether the incentive system is indiscriminately applied not only in the metropolitan cities but also in the rural cities. The analysis is carried out with six indicators in relation to the effect on the incentive system on the market of Apartment Housing Development. The indicators are a. the building-to-land ratio(BLR), b. the floor area ratio(FAR) c. the publicly assessed value of land(PAVL), d. the sale price of land(SPL), e. the sale/lease price of apartment house(SLPH) and f. the ratio of housing subscription(RHS). The final result is that the incentive system has different effects between metropolitan cities and rural cities. One of reasons lies on the too high FAR in rural cities to be given basically. Another reason lies on the difference between the cost for purchasing public installation and the profit of the sale & lease price of apartment house. In rural cities their difference becomes much narrow. Finally, the low ratio of housing subscription(RHS) in rural cities makes the effect of the incentive system nearby meaningless.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.21-41
• /
• 2015

The purpose of the study is to review the real situations of the income-gap between urban and rural areas which is focused on as one of the biggest issues revealed in the process of Chinese economic development and to find out which factors will alleviate or deteriorate such income-gap, also to find out such factors will effect differently on the regional characteristics. To analyze it, six factors such as industrialization-ratio, urbanization-ratio, tertiary industry-ratio, the level of both governmental educational support and agricultural support, and Chinese dual-economic structure are considered as explanatory variables, and OLS regression analysis was implemented to the factor data for the period of 1986-2007 about Chinese 31 districts(castles and cities). The results of the analysis show that both industrialization factors and urbanization factors affect significantly to alleviate income-gap between urban and rural areas, and as predicted, they also shows that dual-economic structure between urban and rural areas is the most biggest factors to enlarge the above mentioned income-gap. However, in accordance to the different level of economic development in eastern, central, and western districts the study shows that such factors will affect them differently respectively. The contents are as follows; In eastern district governmental educational support factor will affect the most great influence to alleviate the income-gap, in central district industrialization factor will affect the most great influence to alleviate the gap, and western district governmental agricultural support factor will affect the most great influence to alleviate the gap. Therefore, in solving the issue of income-gap between urban and rural areas in China we recommend that it is necessary for more differential policy in considering regional characteristics than unilateral policy to Chinese whole areas.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.306-310
• /
• 2012

Populations of plant-parasitic nematodes were evaluated in soil and root samples from areas planted with passion fruit, or covered with adjacent native cerrado vegetation, in five different cropping regions of the Brazilian Federal District. From July 2007 to January 2008, twenty samples had been collected in five Rural Centers (N$\acute{u}$cleo Rural-NR) planted with passion fruit. In five sites, samples were also collected in native cerrado vegetation. Specimens of nine genera of plant-parasitic nematodes (Meloidogyne, Helicotylenchus, Rotylenchulus, Scutellonema, Pratylenchus, Paratylenchus, Hemicycliophora, Xiphinema and Criconemoides) were found in the present survey. Important nematode pathogens, such as Rotylenchulus reniformis and Meloidogyne spp. were observed in the passion fruit plantations throughout five major producing regions of the Brazilian Federal District.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
• /
• v.1 no.3
• /
• pp.77-86
• /
• 1999

Recently the change of social environment has influence on the living of human for the complexity and the variety. And so the relation of architecture and function required the complex space. The government tried to complex the service for healthcare and social welfare by the exhibition model for health and welfare center. In this sence, this study aims to explore the basic data for the planning of location to the community welfare center and the healthcare facility in a district by grasping the difference of level at facility among region. In sum, the useful data were collected, analyzed, and synthesized through this study and could be used in the relevant research in the future as reference informations.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.34 no.5
• /
• pp.659-666
• /
• 2005

The purpose of this study was to compare the intake status of calcium, phosphorus, iron, and zinc of Korean adults residing in different regions. Subjects were recruited and divided into three groups according to the districts where they lived, which included rural (n=137), coastal (n=100), and urban district (n=117). Subjects were interviewed using a general questionnaire and 24-hour recall method for dietary intake. The average age of the subjects were 58.1 years for rural district, 57.7 years for coastal district, and 48.6 years for urban district. There was no significance in total food intake by regions. The food intakes from cereals, mushrooms, vegetables of rural district, that from fishes of coastal district, and those from sugars, milks, oils of urban area were the highest among three districts. The calcium, phosphorus, iron, and zinc intakes were $60.1\%,\;123.9\%,\;95.2\%,\;and\;73.1\%$ of RDAs, respectively. The calcium intakes as percentage of RDA in rural and coastal district were significantly (p<0.01) lower than that in urban district. A larger number of subjects from coastal or urban district ate under $75\%$ of zinc RDA compared to those from rural village. Major sources of dietary calcium in total subjects were anchovy, kimchi, milk, soybean curd, rice, ice cream, sea mustard, yogurt, loach, and welsh onion. Rice supplied $15.5\%$ for phosphorus, $22.1\%$ for iron, and $35.9\%$ for zinc of total intake. Except for rice, major sources of dietary zinc were pork, beef, small red bean, dog meat, chicken, jacopever, soybean curd, glutinous millet, and kimchi. In conclusion, the food and mineral intakes of adults differed according to the regions in which they resided. The food and nutrient intakes of coastal district were not satisfactory, and calcium and zinc intakes of three regions did not meet RDAs. Therefore, it is required unique and discriminatory nutritional education with each region for increasing intakes of calcium and zinc.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
• /
• v.9 no.2 s.19
• /
• pp.39-47
• /
• 2003

This study was carried out to find out the time-dependent change of central functions in the depopulated rural areas. Three county areas were selected for the case study ; Haenam(as a remote flat area), Goksung(as an intermediate mountainous area), and Hwasun(as a peri-urban area). For each district area administered by each county, service facilities stock was surveyed at both the present('02) and the past('89 or '94)time, and its functional index checked. From the study results, table-tennis rooms, oil shops and inns were ascertained to be disappeared now in the absolute or real terms, while beer halls, restaurants and bakeries to be sharply increased. Generally, in spite of the substantial depopulation in the past decade, service facilities stock has been increased in and concentrated to the highest order center of rural area (county office seated district). However, where this center leans to the outer side of its county area and to the opposite direction against the regional center, the dependent level of service function on the highest center have decreased.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
• /
• v.21 no.3
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 2010

The purposes of this study were to determine the actual state of indoor environments of solitary elderly houses in the rural district during winter and to analyze the relationship between the influencing factors and indoor physical elements. Field surveys consisted of measurements of physical elements, observations of living factors, and resident's responses in interviews. Field surveys were carried out in 4 houses from $28^{th}$ of February to $2^{nd}$ of March 2008. The elements measured were air temperature, relative humidity, floor temperature, seating-place temperature, CO2 concentration, CO concentration, and illumination. The results showed that the average indoor temperature for houses was $13.5{\sim}22.5^{\circ}C$, relative humidity was 30.6~55.4%, floor temperature was $13.9{\sim}24.0^{\circ}C$, temperature when seated was $27.6{\sim}51.1^{\circ}C$, $CO_2$ concentration was 1434.6~3305.5 ppm, CO concentration was 2.8~8.4 ppm, and illumination was 31.0~96.7 lux. The residents' clothing values were 1.10~1.78 clo. The environment was evaluated as being in an unsuitable state, and it was revealed that the main reason was the lack of heating and ventilation.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
• /
• 2008.11a
• /
• pp.452-457
• /
• 2008

The purposes of this study were to determine the actual state of indoor environment and to analyze the relationship between the living factors and indoor physical elements in solitary elderly houses at rural district during winter. The field surveys were consisted of measurements of physical elements, observations of living factors, and interviews of resident's responses. The field surveys were fulfilled in 4 houses from February to March 2008. Measuring elements were air temperature, relative humidity, floor temperature, seated place temperature, $CO_2$, CO, and illumination. The results showed that the average of indoor temperature for houses was $13.5{\sim}22.5^{\circ}C$, relative humidity was $30.6{\sim}55.4%$, floor temperature was $13.9{\sim}24.0^{\circ}C$, seated place temperature was $27.6{\sim}51.1^{\circ}C$, $CO_2$ was $1434.6{\sim}3305.5ppm$, CO was $2.8{\sim}8.4ppm$, illumination was $31.0{\sim}96.7lux$. The residents' clothing values were $1.10{\sim}1.78clo$. Most of the residents' subjective responses were in discord with the physical elements. It was evaluated to be uncomfortable state, and the main reason was revealed lack of heating and ventilation.