• 한국동물위생학회지
• /
• 제47권1호
• /
• pp.35-40
• /
• 2024

Hoof health management plays an important role in dairy farms because lameness can impact productivity via decreased milk yield, reproduction rate, and increased culling rate. Regular hoof trimming can help reduce the incidence of hoof diseases in dairy cows. However, its effects on healthy dairy cows remain unclear. This study investigated the effects of hoof trimming on milk yield, rumination time, and activity in healthy Holstein and Jersey cows. Fourteen cows (7 Holstein and 7 Jersey) without lameness were used in this study. We trimmed the cows and collected data from 3 days prior to 9 days after hoof trimming. Milk yield, rumination time, and activity were measured using automatic milking and health monitoring systems. Milk yield and rumination time decreased, whereas activity level increased on the trimming day compared to the previous days in both breeds, although the difference was not significant. On the days after hoof trimming, milk yield, rumination time, and activity recovered to normal. Especially in Holstein cows, a temporary increase in milk yield was observed compared to that in the pre-trimming period. Hoof trimming did not negatively affect the productivity of dairy cows of either breed. Furthermore, productivity can temporarily increase.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제20권9호
• /
• pp.1402-1406
• /
• 2007

Thirty pregnant heifers (Jersey, Holstein Friesian and Hariana) were divided into three groups (10 animals/group) according to their stage of pregnancy viz. seven-month (181-210 days) pregnancy (SMP), eight-month (211-240 days) pregnancy (EMP) and nine-month (241-280 days) pregnancy (NMP) group. Time spent in various feeding activities (eating fodder, eating concentrate, standing rumination, sitting rumination and drinking) by each animal in the three pregnant groups was recorded in four different sessions (each session of 24 h per week). The time spent eating concentrate, eating fodder, standing rumination, sitting rumination and drinking was 61.4, 271.3, 84.6, 367.6 and 10.6 min/day, respectively in the SMP group; 52.7, 289.5, 103.3, 345.8 and 9.2 min/day, respectively in the EMP group and 65.0, 277.7, 138.1, 291.0 and 9.8 min/day, respectively in the NMP group. The animals in the EMP group spent significantly (p<0.01) more time on eating fodder and concentrate compared to the animals in SMP and NMP groups. The pregnant heifers preferred rumination in standing posture in comparison to sitting posture. The time spent on standing rumination was significantly higher in the NMP group whereas the time spent on sitting rumination was significantly lower in this group. Except for the sitting rumination activity, all the other activities were predominant in daytime compared to night time; the diurnal variation was significant (p<0.01) for all the activities.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제3권3호
• /
• pp.225-229
• /
• 1990

Sixteen mature sheep were fed chaffed orchardgrass hay once a day. Jaw movement of the sheep was recorded for 24 hours before slaughter. Four sheep were slaughtered either prior to eating, 2, 8 or 16 hours after the commencement of eating to measure digesta pool size and particle size distribution in the reticulo-rumen. Eating time was restricted to 120 minutes. Rumination time and actual chewing time during rumination increased with time after the meal. Mean dry matter (DM) pool size before and 2 hours after the meal were 1.36 and 2.45 times of DM intake, respectively. The proportion of large particle (>1.18 mm; LP) in the DM ingested during the meal was caculated to be about 70%. The mean DM and LP pool sizes per DM intake and the mean proportion of LP in the DM pool decreased with time after the meal. There were close negative relationships between either DM or LP pool sizes per DM intake and the chewing activities either expressed as time spent rumination, actual chewing time during rumination or total actual chewing time(total of eating time and actual chewing time during rumination). The difference between DM intake and LP pool size were assumed to be LP degradation in the present experiment, and correlated positively with the chewing activities. A large proportion of the digesta load was comprised of small particles, in excess of the daily intake.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제57권1호
• /
• pp.3.1-3.6
• /
• 2015

This study investigated the effects of feeding by-product feed (BF)-based silage on the behavior of growing Hanwoo heifers. Twelve Hanwoo heifers (13.2 months-old, 315 kg body weight; four heifers per pen) were assigned to three diets: a rice straw (RS) diet (concentrate mix and free access to RS), a RS and BF-based silage (RSBFS) diet (concentrate mix and free access to RS and BF-based silage), and a BF-based silage (BFS) diet (concentrate mix and free access to BF-based silage). Behavior was recorded for 5 days using camcorders. Compared to the RS group, the BFS group showed 21.7% higher dry matter intake, shorter feeding, rumination, and chewing times, as well as longer resting time (p < 0.05). Although all groups exhibited similar drinking, urination, and defecation frequencies, the BFS group exhibited higher feeding rates, rumination efficiency, and chewing efficiency than the RS group (p < 0.05). Compared to the BFS group, the RSBFS group showed higher $peNDF_{8.0}$ intake (15.2% vs. 25.0% dry matter intake), longer feeding and sitting times, lower defecation frequency (p < 0.05), and similar rumination efficiency. In conclusion, complete replacement of conventional RS with BF-based silage reduced rumination and chewing activity in growing Hanwoo heifers, and BF-based silage feeding with large-particle straw is an effective approach in improving heifer behavior.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
• /
• 제44권2호
• /
• pp.92-98
• /
• 2024

본 연구는 수입산 알팔파와 열풍 건조 국내산 알팔파를 이용한 TMR의 혼합 급여가 착유우의 우유 생산량, 유질 및 반추 시간 비교 분석 등을 통해 열풍 건조 국내산 알팔파의 사료가치 평가를 수행하였다. 두 종류의 알팔파 내 TDN, NE_L 및 체중은 차이를 보이지 않았고, 사료 섭취량은 열풍 건조 국내산 알팔파의 TMR 혼합 급여구에서 높았으며, 반추 활동 시간은 차이를 보이지 않았다. 우유생산량, 유지방과 유단백질 함량, FPCM, FE 및 SCC는 차이를 보이지 않았으며, 유지방 생산량과 lactose 함량은 열풍 건조 국내산 알팔파 TMR 혼합 급여구에서 높았다. 따라서 본 연구에서 이용된 열풍 건조 국내산 알팔파와 TMR의 혼합 급여는 착유우의 사료 섭취량, 반추 활동 및 생산성에 차이를 보이지 않았으므로, 열풍 건조 국내산 알팔파를 수입산 알팔파로 대체하여 착유우에게 이용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제17권11호
• /
• pp.1535-1540
• /
• 2004

Six dry Holstein cows were used to evaluate the effect of dietary neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentration and particle size (PS) on chewing activity. Treatments were arranged in a 3$\times$3 factorial design; total mixed rations contained three NDF concentrations (26, 32, 38%) and three PS (1.0, 1.5, 2.0 cm). NDF levels and particle sizes of diets were adjusted by formulating rate and cutting length of alfalfa hay and rice straw. Cows were fed twice daily at 90% of ad libitum feed intake throughout the experiment. Chewing activity was positively associated with NDF concentration, but not significantly affected by PS of diet. Eating time per unit of NDF intake was affected by PS rather than NDF concentration of diet. Time spent ruminating per unit DM or NDF intake increased with increasing NDF concentration of diet, but was not affected by PS. As the PS of diet increased, the eating time per day increased, but the rumination time decreased. In addition, as the number of rumination bolues decreased the rumination duration increased as well as the chews per bolus. The regression equation induced from relationships of NDF concentrations (NDF, %) and particle sizes (PS, cm) of diet on roughage value index (RVI, min of chewing time/kg DMI) was as follows. RVI=-19.672+1.44$\times$NDF+5.196$\times$PS, ($R^{2}$=0.81).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제13권9호
• /
• pp.1219-1227
• /
• 2000

Rumination behavior, in vivo digestibility of cell wall constituents, particle size reduction in the rumen, and retention time in the digestive tract of sheep were examined using rice and oat straw as roughage sources. The in sacco digestibility, rumen fermentation, and microbial population and internal adenosine 5-triphosphate (ATP) content were also determined under feeding conditions of high-roughage and high-concentrate diets. Chewing number and time in rumination behavior were higher with rice straw than with oat straw, while the in sacco and in vivo DMD of rice straw were consistently lower than those of oat straw. Rice straw also showed higher frequency of thinner and longer particles in the rumen contents and lower retention time in the whole digestive tract as compared to those of oat straw. Rice straw was more effective to maintain the ruminal pH than oat straw, being reflected in higher internal ATP content of large-type protozoa on the high- concentrate diet. Changes in the ruminal microflora by shifting from the low- to the high- concentrate diet were also different between rice and oat straw.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제15권7호
• /
• pp.968-973
• /
• 2002

To evaluate the chewing activity of ruminant feeds, four Holstein steers (average body weight $742{\pm}15kg$) were employed. Experimental feeds were four roughages ($NH_3$-treated rice straw, alfalfa hay, corn silage, orchard grass hay) and four concentrate ingredients (cotton seed hull, beet pulp pellet, barley grain, oat grain). Regarding palatability for each experimental feeds which was overviewed during the adjustment period, animals were fed roughages alone, but with 50% $NH_3$-treated rice straw ($NH_3$-RS) for concentrate ingredients. Therefore, all the data for concentrate ingredients was derived by extracting the result per unit obtained from steers fed $NH_3$-RS alone. The experiment was conducted using a 4${\times}$4 Latin square designs for roughages and concentrate ingredients. Experimental feeds were fed during a 10 d adaptation and 2 d chewing data collection during each experimental period. Animals were gradually adjusted to the experimental diet. Dry matter intake (DMI) was restricted at a 1.4% of mean body weight (10.4 kg DM/d). Time spent eating and eating chews per kilogram of DMI were greatest for beet pulp pellet, and lowest for barley grain (p<0.05). Time spent rumination per kilogram of DMI was greatest for $NH_3$-RS, cotton seed hull and orchard grass, but rumination chews were greatest for cotton seed hull and orchard grass except $NH_3$-RS (p<0.05). Roughage index value (chewing time, minute/kg DMI) was 58.0 for cotton seed hull, 56.1 for beet pulp pellet, 55.5 for $NH_3$-RS, 53.1 for orchard grass hay, 45.9 for corn silage, 43.0 for alfalfa hay, 30.0 for oat grain, and 10.9 for barley grain. The ratio of rumination time to total chewing time (eating plus ruminating) was about 72% for the roughages except corn silage (66.9%), and followed by cotton seed hull (69.5%), and ranged from 49.5% to 52.9% for other feeds. Higher percentages of rumination in total chewing time may be evidently indicate the characteristics of roughage. Therefore, this indicate that the chewing activity of concentrate ingredients can be more fully reflects by the ruminating time than total chewing time (RVI), although it is reasonable to define the RVI for roughages.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
• /
• 제44권2호
• /
• pp.106-112
• /
• 2024

본 연구는 수입산 티모시 건초, 국내산 IRG 사일리지 및 열풍 건초 IRG를 이용한 TMR의 혼합 급여가 착유우의 유 생산량, 유질, 반추 활동 및 조사료 별 경제성 비교 분석 등을 통해 국내산 IRG 사일리지와 열풍 건초 국내산 IRG의 사료가치 평가를 수행하였다. 체중은 차이를 보이지 않았으며, 반추위 활동 시간과 온도는 정상범위로 확인되었다. 우유 내 지방, 단백질 및 유당은 차이를 보이지 않았으며, 체세포수는 1등급의 범위를 보였다. 경제성 분석 결과, 수입산 티모시에 비해 국내산 IRG 사일리지와 열풍 건초 IRG를 이용한 TMR 급여에서 두당 402.8원/일과 331.4원/일의 수익이 증가할 것으로 생각된다. 그러므로 국내산 IRG 사일리지와 열풍 건초 국내산 IRG는 수입산 티모시 건초를 대체하여 착유우에 이용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• 제36권5호
• /
• pp.810-817
• /
• 2023

Objective: The aim was to compare the behavioral response to full separation of cows and calves maintained together for 100 days or 24 h. Methods: Twelve Holstein-Friesian cow-calf pairs were enrolled into either treatment or industry groups (n = 6 cow-calf pairs/group). The treatment cows and calves were maintained on pasture together for 106±8.6 d and temporarily separated twice a day for milking. The Industry cows and their calves, were separated within 24 h postpartum. Triaxial accelerometer neck-mounted sensors were fitted to cows 3 weeks before separation to measure hourly rumination and activity. Before separation, cow and calf behavior was observed by scan sampling for 15 min. During the separation process, frequency of vocalizations and turn arounds were recorded. At separation, cows were moved to an observation pen where behavior was recorded for 3 d. A CCTV camera was used to record video footage of cows within the observation pens and behavior was documented from the videos in 15 min intervals across the 3 d. Results: Before separation, industry calves were more likely to be near their mother than Treatment calves. During the separation process, vocalization and turn around behavior was similar between groups. After full separation, treatment cows vocalized three times more than industry cows. However, the frequency of time spent close to barrier, standing, lying, walking, and eating were similar between industry and treatment cows. Treatment cows had greater rumination duration, and were more active, than industry cows. Conclusion: These findings suggest a similar behavioral response to full calf separation and greater occurrence of vocalizations, from cows maintained in a long-term, pasture-based, cow-calf rearing system when ompared to cows separated within 24 h. However, further work is required to assess the impact of full separation on calf behavior.