• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권7호
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• pp.960-964
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• 2014

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of diets containing coarse-texture rice straw and small particle size alfalfa pellets as a part of total mixed ration (TMR) on milk productivity and chewing activity in lactating dairy cows. Sixteen multiparous Holstein dairy cows ($670{\pm}21kg$ body weight) in mid-lactation ($194.1{\pm}13.6$ days in milk) were randomly assigned to TMR containing 50% of timothy hay (TH) or TMR containing 20% of rice straw and 30% of alfalfa pellet mixture (RSAP). Geometric mean lengths of TH and RSAP were found to be 5.8 and 3.6, respectively. Dry matter intake, milk yield and milk composition were measured. Moreover, eating and ruminating times were recorded continuously using infrared digital camcorders. Milk yield and milk composition were not detected to have significant differences between TH and RSAP. Dry matter intake (DMI) did not significantly differ for cows fed with TH or RSAP. Although particle size of TH was larger than RSAP, eating, ruminating and total chewing time (min/d or min/kg of DMI) on TH and RSAP were similar. Taken together, our results suggest that using a proper amount of coarse-texture rice straw with high value nutritive alfalfa pellets may stimulate chewing activity in dairy cows without decreasing milk yield and composition even though the quantity of rice straw was 40% of TH.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권7호
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• pp.1040-1048
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• 1999

Four ruminally fistulated crossbred $(Sahiwal{\times}Holstein\;Friesan)$ adult (~6 yr.) cattle of about $318{\pm}16kg$ body weight were randomly assigned in an experiment based on $4{\times}4$ latin square design to study the effect of different level of barseem (Trifolium alexendrinum) supplementation to wheat straw based diet on intake, digestion, VFA production, eating behaviour and passage rate. Four dietary treatments were wheat straw ad lib. (I), supplementation to wheat either 15(II), 30(III) or 45(IV)% of berseem. Mean total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) concentration in rumen liquor was 58.45, 66.14, 77.92 and 78.64 mmol/l. TVFA concentration in rumen liquor increased significantly (p<0.01) with increased level of berseem supplementation upon 30% level of breseem. Two peaks of TVFA concentration was observed at 4 and 8 h post feeding. Brseem supplementation showed no significant effect on daily time spent for eating, ruminating or idling, chews per minute or number of rumination boli ingested per minute. Time spent for eating and ruminating one kg neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was significantly (p<0.05) less in breseem supplemented groups. Animals in groups I, II, III and IV consumed 26, 34, 47 and 57% of DM within 1st 4 h and 64, 70, 70 and 77% of total DM within 1st 8 h of offering. All the animals consumed more than 90% of their DMI within 12 h. Active period of rumination was observed 8h post feeding reached the peak at 16 h post feeding, then declined and animals spend considerable time idling in last 4 h of 24 h feeding cycle. Berseem supplementation showed no significant effect on eating and rumination time. It is concluded that berseem supplementation upon 30% increases the efficiency of chewing during eating and rumination, which results in increase intake and TVFA production and nutrient digestibility.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.711-715
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• 2013

To investigate the effect of restricted grazing time on behavior of Tan sheep on desert steppe, forty 4-months old male Tan sheep with an original body weight (BW) of $15.62{\pm}0.33$ kg were randomly allocated to 4 grazing groups which corresponded to 4 different restricted grazing time treatments of 2 h/d (G2), 4 h/d (G4), 8 h/d (G8) and 12 h/d (G12) access to pasture. The restricted grazing times had a significant impact on intake time, resting time, ruminating time, bite rate and movement. As the grazing time decreased, the proportion of time spent on intake, bite rate and grazing velocity significantly (p<0.05) increased, but resting and ruminating time clearly (p<0.05) decreased. The grazing months mainly depicted effect on intake time and grazing velocity. In conclusion, by varying their foraging behavior, Tan sheep could improve grazing efficiency to adapt well to the time-limited grazing circumstance.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.1130-1139
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• 2024

Objective: The daily maximum temperature and seawater level continuously increase as global warming continues. We examined the adaptability and production performance of heat-stressed goats with a supply of low-saline drinking water. Methods: Twelve Kacang and Kacang Etawah cross goats were exposed to two climatic conditions (control, 25℃ to 33℃, 83% relative humidity [RH], temperature humidity index [THI]: 76 to 86; and hot environment, 26℃ to 39℃, 81% RH, THI: 77 to 94) and two salt levels in drinking water (0% and 0.4% NaCl). The experimental design was a Latin Square (4×4) with four treatments and four periods (28 days each). Results: Temperature of the rectal, skin, and udder, and respiration rate rose, reached a maximum level on the first day of heat exposures, and then recovered. Plasma sodium rose at 0.4% NaCl level, while the hot environment and salinity treatments increased the drinking water to dry matter (DM) intake ratio. Water excretion was elevated in the hot environment but lowered by the increase in salinity. Total lying time increased, whereas change position frequency decreased in the hot condition. Lying and ruminating and total ruminating time increased and explained the enhanced DM digestibility in the hot conditions. Conclusion: The goats exhibited a high level of plasma sodium as salinity increased, and they demonstrated physiological and behavioral alterations while maintaining their production performances under increasing daily maximum temperatures.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.107-118
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• 2008

본 실험은 NDF 및 ADF 함량이 높은 버섯폐배지(버섯잔사)에 대한 볏짚 대체 가능성을 채식 행동 관점에서 검토할 목적으로 실시하였으며, 시험사료인 농후사료+볏짚(Control: 5.32kg+자유채식), 농후사료+버섯폐배지+볏짚(T1 : 5.32kg+0.82kg+자유채식) 및 농후사료+버섯폐배지+ 볏짚 (T2 : 5.32 kg+1.64 kg+자유채식)를 급여하여 채식 행동 조사를 하였다. 공시가축은 평균체중 357.0+2.9kg인 한우 18두를 이용하였으며, 사료급여에 있어서는 농후사료와 버섯페배지는 1일 2회로 반량씩 급여하였으며 볏짚은 자유채식토록 하였다. 볏짚 채식량은 Control구가 2.66kg으로서 가장 높게, T2구가 2.03 kg으로 가장 낮게 나타난 반면, 총채식량 및 NDF 채식량은 T2 > T1 > Control구 순으로 높게 나타났다. 채식시간은 Control구가 289.3분, T2구가 290.5로 비슷했고 T1구가 236.0분으로 가장 적었다(p<0.05). 반추시간에 있어서는 버섯폐배지 첨가량을 0%(0.0kg), 15%(0.82kg) 및 30%(1.64kg)로 증가 시켜줌에 따라 반추시간은 451.0분에서 359.5분으로 직선적으로 감소하였다(p<0.05). 이는 버섯폐배지의 사료입자 크기가 매우 작았던 것에 기인된 것으로 생각된다. 1일 저작시간, 식괴수, 저작회수와 식괴당 저작수 및 사료가치지수는 볏짚을 급여한 대조구에서 모두 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 그러나 식괴당 반추시간은 T2(69.4분)에서, 분 당 식괴수는 T1구(1.07번)에서 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 채식율, 반추효율 및 저작효율성에 있어서는 버섯폐배지 첨가 급여구(T1, T2)가 무첨가 급여구(Control)에 비하여 높게 나타났으며, 이는 높은 채식량과 버섯폐배지의 작은 입자도가 관여한 것으로 생각된다. 군 행동은 모든 구(Control, T1 및 T2)에서 농후사료 급여시에 통일된 행동을 보였고, 반추 및 휴식에 있어서 군 행동은 처리 간 큰 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과 육성우 배합사료에 버섯폐배지 15% 및 30%를 첨가 급여함으로서 반추시간, 식괴수, 저작수 및 FVI치는 다소 낮은 결과치를 보였으나, 채식행동에 큰 문제가 될 정도는 아니며, 오히려 채식율, 반추효율 및 저작효율에 있어서 무첨가구에 비하여 첨가구가 높았던 점을 감안 할 때 한우 육성우 조사료원으로서 대체 가능성을 기대할 수 있다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.41-49
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• 2016

본 연구는 한우 암소의 임신 단계에 따른 채식 및 반추 행동에 미치는 영향을 규명하기 위하여 실시하였다. 실험에 사용한 공시한우는 미경산 육성우(C), 미경산 임신 3개월령(T1), 미경산 임신 6개월령(T2) 그리고 미경산 임신 9개월령(T3)을 각각 3두씩, 총 12두를 4처리 3반복으로 배치하였다. 그리고 사료급여는 배합사료 체중의 1%, 조사료는 자유 채식시킨 후 육안으로 48시간 행동관찰을 실시하였다. 조사료 섭취량은 T3구(3.68 kg)에서 가장 높았던 반면, C구(1.02 kg)가 가장 낮게 나타났다(p<0.05). 총사료 섭취량은 T3 > T2 > T1 > C구 순으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 또한 체중 대비 건물 채식량 역시 T3 > T2 > T1 > C구 순으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 채식시간, 반추시간 및 저작시간은 유의적으로 T3구에서 높게 나타났으며(p<0.05), 휴식시간은 C구에서 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 식괴수와 총 저작수는 다른 처리구에 비하여 T3구가 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 그러나 식괴수 당 반추시간은 처리구들 간에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 식괴 당 저작수는 C > T1 > T3 > T2구 순으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 분 당 식괴수는 처리구들 간에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 음수 회수 및 배분 회수는 각각 C, T1구에서 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 그러나 배뇨 회수는 임신기간에 따라 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 채식율과 저작 효율은 임신기간이 진전됨에 따라 유의적으로 높게(p<0.05) 나타났다. 반추 효율은 T1구가 다른 처리구들에 비하여 높게 나타났다(p<0.05).

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.55-60
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• 2004

농후사료와 조사료의 비율이 한우의 반추행동, 저작시간 및 저작빈도에 미치는 효과를 조사하기 위하여, 반추위 누관이 장착되고, 턱 주위에 트랜스듀서가 설치된 한우 성우 5두를 공시하였다. 사료는 농후사료와 볏짚의 급여비율을 50 : 50, 60 : 40, 70 : 30, 80 : 20과 90 : 10으로 급여하면서 사료섭취와 반추행동의 변화를 조사하였다. 사료 중 조사료의 비율을 전체 건물량의 10, 20, 30, 40과 50%로 증가시켰으F 때 일일 총 저작시간은 286.99분에서 423.30분/일로 직선적으로 증가하였는데, 이것은 반추시간이 204.91에서 342.80분/일로 증가한 것에 주로 기인하였다. 그러나 농후사료의 급여수준에 따른 사료 섭취 시간의 차이는 없었으며, 일일 반추시 저작횟수와 반추당 저작횟수는 농후사료의 급여 비율의 증가에 의하여 감소되었다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.607-616
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• 2003

본 실험은 육계분과 제과부산물로 제조된 TMR(TDN 69%)에 입자도가 각기 다른 여분의 육계분과 볏짚(diet DM의 10% 수준)을 혼합하여 기존의 배합사료와 볏짚 급여 체계(대조구)를 100% 대체하였을 때 면양에 의한 행동 양상, 영양소 섭취량, 체내 소화율, 가소화 영양소 섭취량, 반추위 성상, 혈액 성상 및 체내 질소 출납에 미치는 영향을 평가하고자 실시하였다. 대조구와 비교해서 TMR 급여구들은 일일 섭취시간, 반추시간, 총 저작시간이 감소하였고(P<0.05), 음수시간은 증가하였으며(P<0.05), 사료 DM 섭취량이 비슷한 상황에서 가소화(digestible) DM, OM, fiber 및 총 영양소 섭취량은 낮았으며(P<0.05), EE를 제외한 영양소 소화율 또한 낮았으나(P<0.05), 반추위 발효 성상(pH, VFA 생성량 및 비율, acetate/ propionate 비율, 탄수화물 발효 효율, 반추위 NH3-N)과 혈중 urea-N 농도는 별 차이 없이 정상적이었으며, 특히 사료 단백질의 체내 활용성(소화율 및 축적율)은 양호한 것으로 나타났다. TMR에 입자도가 작은 육계분을 입자도가 큰 볏짚으로 diet DM의 10% 수준을 대체하였을 때, 일일 섭취시간, 반추시간, 총 저작시간은 증가하였으며(P<0.05), 음수시간은 정상에 가깝게 감소하였고(P<0.05), 그 외의 상기한 parameter에는 전혀 영향을 미치지 않았다. 결과적으로 육계분과 제과부산물로서 적정사료 에너지 수준을 고려하여 제조된 TMR은 반추동물의 기존 배합사료-볏짚 급여 체계를 대체할 수 있는 잠재적 가능성을 시사하였으며, 특히 TMR 급여 시 소량의(건물 10% 수준) 볏짚 공급은 면양의 행동 양상을 보다 양호하게 만들었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권7호
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• pp.968-973
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• 2002

To evaluate the chewing activity of ruminant feeds, four Holstein steers (average body weight $742{\pm}15kg$) were employed. Experimental feeds were four roughages ($NH_3$-treated rice straw, alfalfa hay, corn silage, orchard grass hay) and four concentrate ingredients (cotton seed hull, beet pulp pellet, barley grain, oat grain). Regarding palatability for each experimental feeds which was overviewed during the adjustment period, animals were fed roughages alone, but with 50% $NH_3$-treated rice straw ($NH_3$-RS) for concentrate ingredients. Therefore, all the data for concentrate ingredients was derived by extracting the result per unit obtained from steers fed $NH_3$-RS alone. The experiment was conducted using a 4${\times}$4 Latin square designs for roughages and concentrate ingredients. Experimental feeds were fed during a 10 d adaptation and 2 d chewing data collection during each experimental period. Animals were gradually adjusted to the experimental diet. Dry matter intake (DMI) was restricted at a 1.4% of mean body weight (10.4 kg DM/d). Time spent eating and eating chews per kilogram of DMI were greatest for beet pulp pellet, and lowest for barley grain (p<0.05). Time spent rumination per kilogram of DMI was greatest for $NH_3$-RS, cotton seed hull and orchard grass, but rumination chews were greatest for cotton seed hull and orchard grass except $NH_3$-RS (p<0.05). Roughage index value (chewing time, minute/kg DMI) was 58.0 for cotton seed hull, 56.1 for beet pulp pellet, 55.5 for $NH_3$-RS, 53.1 for orchard grass hay, 45.9 for corn silage, 43.0 for alfalfa hay, 30.0 for oat grain, and 10.9 for barley grain. The ratio of rumination time to total chewing time (eating plus ruminating) was about 72% for the roughages except corn silage (66.9%), and followed by cotton seed hull (69.5%), and ranged from 49.5% to 52.9% for other feeds. Higher percentages of rumination in total chewing time may be evidently indicate the characteristics of roughage. Therefore, this indicate that the chewing activity of concentrate ingredients can be more fully reflects by the ruminating time than total chewing time (RVI), although it is reasonable to define the RVI for roughages.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.271-282
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• 2016

Purpose: This study was done to explore adaptation experience of living kidney donors after donation. Specific aims were to identify challenges donors face in the process of adaptation following surgery and how they interact with recipients and other people. Methods: Grounded theory methodology was utilized. Participants were 13 living kidney donors at six months or more after donation. Data were collected by in-depth interviews with individual participants. Data were analyzed using constants comparative method with theoretical saturation. Results: A core category emerged as 'keeping the fences of my family in spite of vulnerability'. The adaptation process after donation was manifested in four phases: exploration, balance, maintenance, and acclimatization. Phenomenon was perception of vulnerability. Strategies to manage the vulnerability were assessing changes of body awareness, tailoring regimen to one's own body condition, coping with health problems, keeping restoration of health, and ruminating on the meaning of one's kidney donation. Consequences were reestablishing family well-being, realizing the values of one's kidney donation, and living with uncertainty. Conclusion: Findings of the study indicate that there is a need for health professionals to understand the vulnerability of living kidney donors and help their family system maintain a healthy and productive life. The results of this study can be used to develop phase-specific, patient-centered, and tailored interventions for living kidney donors.