• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.181-188
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• 2006

The objective of this research was to determine the effects of synchronizing the rate of dietary energy and nitrogen release on: ruminal fermentation, microbial protein synthesis, blood urea nitrogen, and nutrient digestibility in beef cattle. Four, two-and-a-half year old Brahman-Thai native crossbred steers were selected for the project. Each steer was fitted with a rumen cannula and proximal duodenal cannula. The steers were then randomly assigned in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design to receive four dietary treatments. Prior to formulation of the dietary treatments, feed ingredients were analyzed for chemical composition and a nylon bag technique was used to analyze the treatments various ingredients for degradability. The treatments were organized in four levels of a synchrony index (0.39, 0.50, 0.62 and 0.74). The results showed that dry matter digestibility trend to be increased (p<0.06), organic matter and acid detergent fiber digestibility increased linearly (p<0.05), while crude protein and neutral detergent fiber digestibility were not significantly different (p>0.05). Higher concentration and fluctuation of ruminal ammonia and blood urea were observed in the animal that received the lower synchrony index diets. As the levels of the synchrony index increased, the concentrations of ruminal ammonia nitrogen and blood urea nitrogen, at the 4 h post feeding, decreased linearly (p<0.05). Total volatile fatty acid and bacteria populations at the 4 h post feeding increased linearly (p<0.05). Microbial protein synthesis trend to be increase (p<0.08). The results of this research indicate that synchronizing the rate of degradation of dietary energy and nitrogen release improves ruminal fermentation, microbial protein synthesis and feed utilization.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.317-322
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• 2000

In situ and in vivo digestion trials were conducted to determine the degradation of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and effective protein degtadability (EPD), and digestibility of nutrients of Hazelnut kernel oil meal (HKOM), and effects of HKOM on nitrogen (N) balance. In the in situ study, nylon bag were suspended in the rumen of 3 Karayaka rams to estimate protected protein. Protein sources were analyzed for pepsin soluble protein (PSP) using a Pepsin Digestion Method. In the digestion trials, 4 Karayaka rams (36 mo.) were used in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square to evaluate the digestibility of nutrients and N retention to measure effects of diets containing HKOM, soybean meal (SBM) corn gluten meal (CGM) and urea (U). The degradability of DM and CP, and PSP content of HKOM were lower (p>0.05) than that of SBM, but higher (p<0.001) than that of CGM. EPD of HKOM was higher (p<0.01) than that of SBM or CGM. The apparent digestion coefficients of organic matter and CP for HKOM were lower than for SBM, but higher than for CGM. N retention of HKOM was higher than that of SBM and lower than that of CGM (p>0.05). In conclusion, these data may indicate that the HKOM is a high digestible feed source with a value between SBM and CGM.

• 동물자원연구
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.111-120
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• 2019

생물학적 평가 방법 중 in situ와 in vitro 평가 방법은 비용 및 시간을 절약할 수 있으며 동물 복지 측면에서 제약이 적어 주목되고 있는 방법이다. In vitro 실험에서 사용되는 사료 접종법으로 배양병에 직접 사료를 담는 dispersion 방법은 실제 반추위 발효 상황에 근접한 조건에서 실험할 수 있는 장점이 있지만, 시간과 노동력이 많이 소모된다. 반대로 사료 주머니를 이용한 방법은 실험 수행의 편이성이 있지만 첨가제 실험 수행의 제약이 있으며, 미생물 활성과 섬유소 소화율이 저하되는 단점이 있다. 본 실험은 dispersion 방법과 사료 주머니 방법을 조합하여 보다 편리한 방법으로 dispersion 에 가까운 높은 재현성의 발효 성상과 소화율 평가 가능할 것이라고 생각하여 in vitro 발효 성상과 미생물 조성을 비교하였다. Dispersion 방법과 nylon bag 을 조합한 실험에서 건물 소화율은 세척 과정에서 미생물 및 사료 입자의 유실로 과대평가될 수 있지만 이론적 최대 가스 발생량 V_max, 가스 발생량에 대한 분해 속도 상수 K_g 에서 유의적 차이가 나타나지 않으며, IVNDFD, pH, NH₃-N, total VFA 발생량 그리고 VFA 조성에서도 유의적 차이가 나지 않았다. Real-time PCR 을 이용한 미생물 조성 분석에서는 general bacteria의 절대량에서 유의적 차이가 나지 않았다. 상기의 결과를 종합해 볼 때, in vitro 실험에서 사료 주머니의 사용은 충분히 적용가능하며 일반적인 방법인 dispersion과 비교해 볼 때, 영양소 이용에 있어 반추미생물의 사료 접촉을 방해하지 않을 것으로 생각된다. 하지만 in vitro bach culture 방법은 배양조건에서 제약이 있어, 향후 연속 배양 방법과 in situ의 실험을 통해 본 실험의 실험결과에 대한 추가적인 규명이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권10호
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• pp.1454-1464
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• 2015

Four methods were adopted, including the mobile nylon bag (MNB) method, modified three-step in vitro (MTS) method, original three-step in vitro (OTS) method, and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) estimating method, to evaluate the intestinal digestibility of rumen undegradable protein (DRUP) of 10 types of concentrates and 7 types of roughages. After correlation analysis to determine the DRUP values using the MNB, MTS, OTS, and ADIN methods, the study aimed to find out appropriate methods to replace the MNB method due to its disadvantages such as high price, long time period, and use of a duodenal T-fistula. Three dairy cows with a permanent ruminal fistula and duodenal T-fistula were used in a single-factor experimental design. The results showed that the determined DRUP values using the MNB method for soybean meal, cottonseed meal, rapeseed meal, sunflower meal, corn germ meal, corn, rice bran, barley, wheat bran, corn fiber feed, Alfalfa (Zhao dong), Alfalfa (Long mu 801), Alfalfa (Long mu 803), grass (North), Grass (Inner Mongolia), corn silage and corn straw were 98.13%, 87.37%, 88.47%, 82.60%, 75.40%, 93.23%, 69.27%, 91.27%, 72.37%, 79.03%, 66.72%, 68.64%, 73.57%, 50.47%, 51.52%, 54.05%, and 43.84%, respectively. The coefficient of determination ($R^2=0.964$) of the results between the MTS method and the MNB method was higher than that ($R^2=0.942$) between the OTS method and the MNB method. The coefficient of determination of the DRUP values of the concentrates among the in vitro method (including the MTS and OTS methods) and the MNB method was higher than that of the roughage. There was a weak correlation between the determined DRUP values in concentrates obtained from the ADIN method and those from the MNB method, and there was a significant correlation (p<0.01) between the determined DRUP values of the roughage obtained from the MNB method and those obtained from ADIN method. The DRUP values were significantly correlated with the nutritional ingredients of the feeds. The regression equation was DRUP =100.5566+0.4169CP - 0.4344SP - 0.7102NDF - 0.7950EE ($R^2=0.8668$, p<0.01; CP, crude protein; SP, soluble protein; NDF, neutral detergent fiber; EE, ether extract). It was concluded that both the MTS method and the OTS may suitable to replace the MNB method for determining the DRUP values and the former method was more effective. Only the ADIN method could be used to predict the values of the roughages but conventional nutritional ingredients were available for all of the samples' DRUP.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.345-350
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• 1998

본 시험은 우리나라의 조사료자원 확대 방안을 모색하는 노력의 일환으로 대부분의 축산농가에서 조사료원으로 이용하고 있는 볏짚의 생육기별에 따른 사료가치를 구명하기 위하여 1998년 4월부터 동년 11월까지 우석대학교 부속 시험포장에서 수행하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 볏짚의 생육기별 섬유소와 조회분 함량은 벼의 생육이 진행됨에 따라 증가하였으며, 조단백질과 조회분 함량은 감소하였다. NDF 함량은 큰 변화가 없었다. 황숙기 이후 hemicellulose 함량은 크게 감소하였고, cellulose 및 lignin 함량은 증가하였다. 2. 볏짚의 성숙기별 NDF의 반추위 분해율은 출수기때 가장 빨랐고, 유숙기부터는 비슷한 경향을 보였다. ADF의 반추위 분해율은 성숙기별에 따라 큰 변화를 나타내지 않았다. 따라서 볏짚의 성숙에 따른 화학적 조성분의 변화와 반추위 분해율을 종합해 볼 때, 출수기까지의 볏짚은 아직 목질화가 완성되지 않아 섬유질의 반추위 분해속도도 빨랐고, 그 이후의 볏짚은 사료적 가치가 급속히 낮아진다고 할 수 있다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.5-11
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• 1993

First crop of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was harvested, wilted and ensiled with or without NaOH or $NH_3$, and fed to three rumen fistulated goats in a $3{\times}3$ Latin-square design. Each alkali treatment (2.44% of alfalfa dry matter) was made by spraying its solution prior to ensiling. Silage pH, $NH_3-N$ and butyric acid concentration were increased with each alkali addition, and NaOH-treated silage showed the lowest chemical quality. Compared with untreated silage, digestibilities of organic matter, ADF and cellulose were depressed by both alkali treatments, and the reductions in NaOH-treated silage were significant. Crude protein digestibility was also significantly decreased in NaOH-treated silage, but the goats receiving the silage excreted less nitrogen in urine than those on the other two silages. Nitrogen retention of goats was not different among the treatments. Ruminal solubility and potential degradability of dry matter and nitrogen determined with the in situ bag technique were reduced, and rate of degradation of the two components were increased by the NaOH treatment. Addition of $NH_3$ provided ruminal soluble nitrogen to the silage, but the rate of degradation was similar to that of untreated silage. These results suggest that NaOH treatment would denature the protein and reduce the susceptibility to microbial degradation in the rumen, while no positive effect of alkali treatment on fiber digestion and nitrogen utilization was observed in this study.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.35-42
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• 1998

Whole faba beans (WFB) were dry roasted at different temperatures (110, 130, $150^{\circ}C$) for 15, 30, 45 minutes to determine the optimal heating conditions of time and temperature to increase nutritional value. Ruminant degradation characteristics of crude protein (CP) of WFB were determined by the nylon bag incubation technique in dairy cows fed 60% hay and 40% concentrate. Measured characteristics of crude protein (CP) were soluble (washable) fraction (S), undegradable fraction (U), lag time (T0), potentially degradable fraction (D) and the rate of degradation (Kd) of insoluble but degradable fraction. Based on measured characteristics, percentage bypass crude protein (%BCP) and bypass crude protein (BCP in g/kg) were calculated. Degradability of CP was reduced by dry roasting (p < 0.01). S was reduced rapidly with increasing time and temperature, from 49.0% in the raw WFB (RWFB) to 26.3% in $150^{\circ}C/45$ min. D varied from 50.7% in RWFB to 73.7% in $150^{\circ}C/45^{\prime}$. U varied from 0% in $130^{\circ}C/45^{\prime}$, $150^{\circ}/30^{\prime}$ and $150^{\circ}/45^{\prime}$ to 0.66% in $110^{\circ}/45^{\prime}$ (0.24% for the RWFB). Lag time (T0) varied from 1.58 h in $130^{\circ}C/30^{\prime}$ to 2.40 h in $150^{\circ}C/45^{\prime}$ (1.87 h for RWFB). Kd varied from 24.2% in the $110^{\circ}C/30^{\prime}$ to 4.3% in $150^{\circ}C/45^{\prime}$ (21.4% for the RWFB). Kd was significantly reduced with time and temperature. All these effects resulted in increasing % BCP from 8.9% in the $110^{\circ}C/45^{\prime}$, 11.3% in the RWFB to 43.1% in the $150^{\circ}C/45$. Therefore BCP increased from 31.3 and 39.9 to 148.4 g/kg respectively. Both %BCP and BCP at $150^{\circ}C/45$ increased nearly 4 times over the raw faba beans. The effects of dry roasting temperature and time on %BCP and BCP seemed to be linear up to the highest values tested. Therefore no optimal dry roasting conditions of time and temperature could be determined at this stage. It was concluded that dry roasting was effective in shifting crude protein degradation from rumen to intestine to reduce unnecessary nitrogen (N) loss in the rumen. To determine the optimal treatment, the digestibility of each treatment should be measured in the next trial using mobile bags technique.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.281-287
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• 1995

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of different inclusion levels of urea treated whole-crop wheat silage (UWCWS) in grass silage based rations on the performance of growing beef cattle. The winter wheat (variety, Riband) was harvested (in the summer of 1991) at a dry matter proportion of 520 g/kg and treated with feed grade urea at the rate of 37 kg/tonne crop dry matter and preserved in a heavy duty plastic bag using a silo press. The urea treated whole crop wheat silage (UWCWS) was mixed with grass silage to replace 0.00 (S100), 0.33 (S33) and 0.67 (S67) parts of the forage dry matter and fed ad libitum in a cross over design to 18 Simmental X Holstein Friesian growing beef animals. Two energy sources {one high in starch, rolled barley (RB) and one high in digestible fibre, sugar beet pulp (SBP)} were fed to supply sufficient energy for the efficient use of nitrogen by the rumen micro-organisms. The data on DMIF (dry matter intake of forage), TDMI (total dry matter intake), DLWG (daily live weight gain), FCR (feed conversion ratio) were recorded and faecal samples were collected to determine the digestibility coefficients. Results revealed that with the inclusion of UWCW in the animals' diets the DMI of the forage was significantly increased (p < 0.05). The highest DMIF was found in the treatment "S33" ($6.28{\pm}0.25kg$) where 67% of the silage dry matter was replaced with the UWCW and the lowest value for DMIF was observed in the control treatment ($5.03{\pm}0.23kg$). The DLWG did not differ significantly between the treatments. However, treatment "S100" showed a trend towards a superior DLWG. Feed conversion ratio in the control treatment differed significantly from "S67" and "S33". The addition of the UWCW in the animals' diet resulted in the lower FCR There was no effect of type of energy supplement on any aspect of performance either overall or in interaction with grass silage: UWCWS ratio. The regression and correlation coefficients for DMIF (r = 5.22 + 0.0184x*), DLWG (r = $1.04-0.00086x^{NS}$) and FCR (r = 4.78 = 0.022x*) on the inclusion of UWCW in the diet were calculated. The effect of the inclusion of UWCW on the overall digestibility coefficients was significant (p < 0.05). The addition of the UWCWS in the diet decreased the digestibility of the DM, OM, ADF and NFE but effect on the protein digestibility was non significant. The results of present study suggests that a DLWG slightly over 1 kg can be achieved with UWCW during the store period (period in which animal performance targets are low especially during winter) and the prediction of ME was overestimated as the high intake of DM did not reflect in improved animal performance.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.219-226
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• 2006

본 시험은 산림 간벌 부산물인 잣나무 생지엽을 반추가축 사료로 이용하기 위하여 제조된 발효 생지엽(pine silage)의 한우 반추위내 in situ 분해율 및 in vivo 소화율, 사양성적 및 도체분석에 있어서 볏짚 대체효과를 규명하기 위하여 수행되었다. In situ 시험은 nylon bag 시료를 처리 당 4반복으로 하여, 반추위내에서 48시간 동안 발효시켰으며, in vivo 소화시험은 볏짚 급여구와 생지엽 silage구로 나누어 incomplete double turn over design에 의해 처리 당 5반복으로 수행되었다. 사양시험에서는 생지엽 silage에 대한 볏짚 대체비율을 4수준(0%, 25%, 50%, 75%)으로 나누어 한우수소 48두를 처리당 12두씩 완전임의로 배치하였으며, 시험종료 후, 도체분석을 하였다. 반추위내 in situ 조단백질 분해율은 생지엽 silage가 볏짚보다 높았으나(P<0.01), NDF 분해율은 오히려 낮았다(P<0.01). In vivo 건물, 조단백질 및 NDF 소화율은 처리간 차이가 없었다. 일당 증체량은 볏짚 급여구와 비해 생지엽 silage 25% 대체구를 제외한 모든 생지엽 silage 대체구에서 유의적(P<0.01)으로 높았다. 생지엽 silage 급여 및 급여수준은 사료 효율에 영향을 주지 않았다.도체성적에 있어서 통계적 유의차는 없었으나 근내지방도는 50% 생지엽 silage 대체구가 타 처리구보다 수치적으로 높고, 등지방 두께는 생지엽 silage 대체구가 볏짚 급여구보다 다소 두꺼운 경향을 보였다. 이상의 결과로부터 생지엽 silage를 한우의 조사료로서 사용할 경우, 볏짚과 50%씩 혼합해서 급여하는 것이 건물섭취량과 일당증체량에서 좋은 효과를 기대할 수 있는 것으로 조사되었다.

• 현장농수산연구지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.116-131
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• 2001

옥수수 알곡(whole corn)을 분쇄(ground corn; GC), 파쇄(cracked corn; CC), 박편(flaked corn; FC) 및 수침(soaked corn; SC)등 가공방법을 달리하여 처리하였을 때 반추가축에 대한 in situ 및 in vitro 소화율에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. 실험 1 : 옥수수 알곡의 가공방법이 건물, 유기물 및 조단백질의 반추위내 in situ 소실율에 미치는 영향 1. 반추위내의 건물, 유기물 및 조단백질의 반추위내 소실율을 관찰하고자 반추위 누관이 장착된 한우 4두를 공시하여 nylon bag 기법으로 0, 2, 6, 12, 24 및 48시간 반추위내에서 각 가공된 옥수수를 배양시켰다. 2. 반추위 배양시간 48시간대에서 분쇄옥수수가 76.1 %로 가장 높은 건물소실율을 보였으며(P<0.01) 다음으로 파쇄 옥수수 (55.1%) 그리고 박편 처리 옥수수 (30.9%)의 순으로 소실율이 높았으며 알곡 옥수수와 수침 옥수수의 경우는 약 12%로 48시간 이후에도 거의 소실이 되지 않음이 관찰되었다. 3. 조단백질의 소실율은 반추위 발효시간 48시간대에서 분쇄 및 파쇄 옥수수의 단백질 소실율이 각각 48 및 38%로 가장 높았지만(P<0.01), 박편 옥수수는 건물 소실율과는 달리 단백질 소실율이 18.9%로써 알곡과 수침 옥수수와 비슷하게 나타났다. 0시간대의 단백질 소실율은 분쇄 옥수수가 소실율이 16.14%로 가장 높았다(P<0.01). 4. 유기물의 소실율은 반추위 발효시간 48시간대에서 분쇄 옥수수가 76.04%로 가장 높았으며(P<0.01) 그 다음이 옥수수를 파쇄한 경우 54.64%였으며 옥수수 알곡과 수침 옥수수가 각각 11.82 및 12.26%로 가장 소실율이 낮았다(P<0.01). 0시간대 소실율은 분쇄와 파쇄 옥수수에서 소실율이 각각 20.27과 18.86%로 가장 높았다(P<0.01). 실험 2 : 옥수수 알곡의 가공방법이 반추위내 미생물에 의한 건물 분해을 및 two-stage in vitro 건물 소화율에 미치는 영향 1. 옥수수 알곡의 가공방법에 의한 반추위내 미생물들의 건물 분해율을 측정하기 위하여 한우로부터 반추위액을 채취하고 미생물을 분리하여 각 사료기질을 0, 2, 6, 12, 24 및 48시간 미생물과 함께 배양시켰다. 48시간 동안 반추위 미생물에 배양시 분쇄 옥수수의 분해율 (65.01%)이 가장 높았다(P<0.01). 옥수수 알곡과 수침 옥수수를 48시간 배양시 건물분해율은 각각 18.83 과 17.26%로 처리구중 가장 낮은 분해율을 보였다 (P<0.01). 2. 한우로부터 분리한 반추위액에 각 사료기질을 two-stage 배양법으로 배양하여 건물 소화율을 측정하였다. 무처리 옥수수가 가장 낮은 소화율 (15.36%)을 보였고(P<0.01), 분쇄, 파쇄 및 박편 옥수수에서 높은 소화율을 보였으며(P<0.01) 각각 86.95, 85.84 및 82.29%로 나타났다.