• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.199.1-199.1
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• 1992

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.193-209
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• 2001

The prognosis of transplanted teeth is strongly related with periodontal healing. Several experimental studies showed that the application of enamel matrix derivatives on periodontitis-affected root surfaces resulted in periodontal regeneration. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of enamel matrix derivatives on periodontitis-affected root surfaces prior to transplantation in dogs. Class III Furcation defects were surgically created on the left second, the third and the fourth premolar in the mandibles of nine mongrel dogs and experimental periodontitis was induced by placing small cotton pellets into defects for 3 weeks. Periodontitis-affected roots were treated by scaling and planing and the coronal portions were removed. Each root was extracted and implanted into recipient bed prepared in the contralateral premolar area. The transplanted roots were grouped according to the treatment modalities; Group I- roots treated with saline only, Group II- roots conditioned by neutral EDTA, and Group III- roots conditioned by neutral EDTA and enamel matrix derivatives ($EMDOGAIN^{(R)}$, BIORA Co., Sweden). The animals were sacrificed at 1 week, 3 weeks, and 10 weeks after transplantation and decalcified specimens were prepared for histologic examination. In Group I, healing was most frequently characterized by root resorption and ankylosis. In Group II, with root resorption and ankylosis in a few specimens, connective tissue attachment was partly seen on denuded root surface, but no cementum formation was seen. In Group III, there was regeneration by new cementum and periodontal ligament on denuded root surface, although slight root resorption and ankylosis were found in a few specimens. This result suggests that enamel matrix derivatives treatment on periodontitis-aggected root surface could reduce the frequency of root resorption and ankylosis and contribute to periodontal regeneration, and might be useful for autologous transplantation.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.614-622
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• 1995

Root caries is very frequently developed on exposed root surface after periodontal surgical treatment. In order to determine the anti-caries effect of Nd : YAG laser irradiation on periodontally exposed root surface, 40 mandibular molar teeth that had been extracted due to excessive periodontal destruction were used as the experimental teeth. All teeth were treated by the same procedure as conventional periodontal root treatment, ie thorough scaling, root planing and root conditioning with tetracycline HCl(100mg/ml, 5min.). Within middle one third of root, mesial half surface(20) or distal half surface(20) was randomly irradiated at various power of 1.0W, 2.0W, 3.0W and 4.0W for 60 seconds by non-contact(5mm) delivery of a pulsed Nd : YAG laser(EN.EL.EN060, Italy). The microhardness was measured by Vikers microhardness tester(Wilson, USA) at 2mm/second of jog speed under 100gm load. The difference of microhardness between irradiated side and non-irradiated side was statistically analyzed ANOVA and Duncan's method. Following results were obtained ; 1. The microhardness(Knoop hardness number) was significantly higher in laser irradiated surface than non-irradiated surface(p<0.05). 2. There was no significant difference in microhardness between experimental groups classified by different laser power(p>0.1). The results suggest that Nd : YAG laser irradiation on exposed root suface after periodontal therapy may inhibit the root caries development by enhancing surface microhardness.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.861-872
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• 1999

Since pathologic changes of exposed root surface inhibit cell attachment and new attachment of connective tissue have been made, many efforts were apply to change the exposed root surface condition. Scaling and root planing can not remove the endotoxin completely and forms the smear layer which prohibits the new attachment of connective tissue. Therefore, many kinds of chemicals were used for controlling the pathologic change of the root surface. The purposes of this study was to compare and observe the changes of the exposed root surface treated by scaling and root planning, Tetracycline HCl and Argon Laser. After the scaling and root planning of ten extracted premolars, the differences & the root surface among groups were observed under SEM. Control group showed smear layer and irregular amorphous surface. The dentinal tubule was not exposed. The debris and scale like texture were also observed. Tetracycline HCl treated group showed relatively smooth surface and the collagen fiber was observed in the dentinal tubule. Argon Laser treated group showed the most effective results under the conditions of 0.8 to 1.0w irradiation for 0.5 to 1.0 sec with pulse wave. The results of this study showed that the root surface change was associated with the intensity and the duration of Argon Laser irradiation. Further investigation for the surface change with the Argon Laser irradiation is recommended for understanding of clinical effect.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.207-213
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• 2014

Purpose: The study was aimed at investigating changes in periodontal parameters and superoxide dismutase activity triggered by root surface debridement with and without micronutrient supplementation in postmenopausal women. Methods: Forty-three postmenopausal chronic periodontitis patients were divided into two groups: group 1 (n=22) were provided periodontal treatment in the form of scaling and root planing (SRP) and group 2 (n=21) patients received SRP along with systemic administration of micronutrient antioxidants. Patients in both groups were subjected to root surface debridement. Group 2 patients also received adjunctive micronutrient antioxidant supplementation. Serum and salivary superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity along with periodontal parameters were recorded at baseline and 3 months after therapy. Results: Salivary and serum SOD values significantly (P<0.05) improved with periodontal treatment. Improvement in systemic enzymatic antioxidant status along with reduction in gingival inflammation and bleeding on probing (%) sites was significantly greater in group 2 as compared to group 1. Conclusions: Adjunctive micronutrient supplements reduce periodontal inflammation and improve the status of systemic enzymatic antioxidants in postmenopausal women.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 2007

This study evaluated the possibility of the 3-dimensional attachment of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts to a periodntally involved root surface after an EDTA treatment in vitro. The human PDL fibroblasts were isolated from the middle third of the root of periodontally healthy teeth extracted for orthodontic reasons. The cells were cultured in a medium containing Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum at $37^{\circ}C$ in humidified air containing 5% $CO_2$. Eight single-rooted teeth were obtained from patients diagnosed with periodotitis. After scaling and root planing, four teeth were etched with 24% ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA) for two minutes (Experimental group). The other four teeth were not treated with EDTA and were used as the control group. The human PDL fibroblasts were placed in the total root surface and cultured for 4 weeks. The teeth were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in PBS before preparation for the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination. The human PDL fibroblasts showed a healthy morphology on the root surfaces treated with EDTA (Experimental group) and a relatively unhealthy appearance on the treated root surfaces (Control group). This suggests that EDTA favorably affects the 3-dimensional attachment of human PDL fibroblasts cultured on the root surfaces. which may play an important role in periodontal healing and regeneration.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.829-844
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• 1997

Dentin hypersensitivity must be one of the most frequent postoperative complaints in periodontal patients. Obliterating the open dentinal tubules or decreasing the diameter of their orifices would, therefore, be an objective of treatment for hypersensitive teeth. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a pulsed Nd:YAG laser irradiation on obliteration of dentinal tubules and to determine any difference according to irradiation methods. The 45 posterior teeth that had been extracted due to periodontal disease were initially treated with tetracycline HCI(100 mg/ml, 4 min.) to remove the smear layer after root planing. The root surfaces were then irradiated by a pulsed Nd:YAG laser(EL.EN.EN060, Italy) by different laser beam spot size and different exposure condition: ${\cdot}$ group 1: irradiated group by small spot(beam diameter=1mm, lW, 2 sec) ${\cdot}$ group 2: irradiated group by large spot(beam diameter=10mm, 1W, 200 sec) ${\cdot}$ group 3: irradiated group by gradual increase of watt (from 0.3W to 1.0W), beam diameter=4mm ${\cdot}$ group 4: irradiated group by fixed watt(1.0 W), beam diameter=4mm ${\cdot}$ control group: no irradiation but root planing and tetracycline HCI conditioning only. Additionally, the specimens were retreated with tetracycline HCI(100mg/ml, 4min.) to evaluate the stability of obliteration effect by Nd:YAG laser. Specimens were examined under the scanning electron microscope(JEOL, JSM-840A, Japan). Photomicrographs were taken at ${\times}4,000$ magnification and were analyzed statistically. The results were as follows: l. Scanning electron micrographs of root surface treated by tetracycline HCI alone(control group) showed widened, funnel-shaped dentinal tubules, while those of the root surface irradiated by various methods showed partially or completely obliterated dentinal tubules and various surface alterations, eg, flat, multiple pitted, melted and resolidified surface at the same energy density. 2. There was no significant difference in the obliteration effect of dentinal tubules between group 1 and group 2, and between group 3 and group 4(p>0.05). 3. The obliteration effect of dentinal tubules by a Nd:YAG laser irradiation was relatively stable to tetracycline HCI. The results demonstrate that a pulsed Nd:YAG laser irradiation within 1.0W, regardless of irradiation methods, can obliterate dentinal tubules effectively.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.117-132
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bacterial adherence on e-PTFE membrane immersed in whole saliva from subjects with different periodontal status. Experiment involved 3 subject groups: 5 persons with healthy periodontium(probing depth below 3mm and no signs of gingival inflammation including bleeding on probing), 10 patients with gingivitis(probing depth below 3mm and apparent signs of gingival inflammation), and 10 patients with advanced periodontitis(probing depth over 7mm and apparent signs of gingival inflammation). Each disease group was included before and after scaling and root planing treatment. After obtaining whole saliva from each subject, e-PTFE membrane(Gore-Tex periodontal membrane : $GTPM^{(R)}$, W.L. Gore & Associates, Flagstaff, USA) specimens were immersed at room temperature in the saliva aliqouts for 1, 3, 7 days. The weight between pre - and post - immersion in saliva was measured with the analytical balance and the difference was recorded. The specimens were processed for SEM observation. The bacterial adherence on the membrane specimens was evaluated using the scanning electron microscope images. The obtained results were as follows : 1. There was no difference in the weight of bacteria adherent to e-PTFE membrane specimens according to the periodontal status and the immersion periods. 2. As the exposure time to saliva increased, the bacterial adherence to the membrane specimen significantly increased in all groups(P<0.005). 3. As the severity of periodontal disease increased, the bacterial adherence to the membrane specimens significantly increased(p<0.001). 4. After scaling and root planing, the bacterial adherence to the membrane specimens significantly decreased in gingivitis and periodontitis patient group(P<0.001). These results suggest that bacterial contamination on exposed barrier membrane surface be reduced through improvement of periodontal status and oral health environment before and after GTR procedure for the successful outcome.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.295-304
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• 2018

Purpose: This study was undertaken to evaluate the clinical and microbiological effects of an erythritol powder air-polishing device (EPAP) as a supplement to scaling and root planing (SRP) therapy in patients with moderate chronic periodontitis. Methods: Clinical and microbiological evaluations were performed at 21 sites treated with SRP (control) and 21 sites treated with SRP+EPAP (test). All examinations were performed before treatment, 1 month after treatment, and 3 months after treatment. Results: There were no significant clinical differences between the test group and the control group. Microbiological analysis revealed that the relative expression level of Porphyromonas gingivalis was significantly lower in the test group than in the control group at 1 month after treatment. Clinical and microbiological results showed improvements at 1 month compared to baseline; in contrast, the results at 3 months after treatment were worse than those at 1 month after treatment. Conclusions: In this study, both SRP and SRP+EPAP were clinically and microbiologically effective as non-surgical periodontal treatments. In particular, the SRP+EPAP group showed an antimicrobial effect on P. gingivalis, a keystone bacterium associated with the onset of chronic periodontitis, in a short-term period. Periodic periodontal therapy, at intervals of at least every 3 months, is important for sustaining the microbiological effects of this treatment.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.725-737
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• 1999

The present study was performed to evaluate the clinical effects following local application of 30% minocycline strip(polycaprolactone), 2% minocycline gel(hydrocarbon gel) and 12% minocycline strip(polylactide, Minodent) to augment scaling and root planing in patients with chronic adult periodontitis. Forty teeth with periodontitis were enrolled in the study anddistributed into 4 groups including control group. All patients performed standardized oral hygiene instructions and mechanical debridement at the beginning of the study and then each local delivery drugs were inserted into periodontal pocket in each groups. Examinations regarding plaque index(PI), papillary bleeding index (PBI), probing pocket depth (PPD) were carried out at 0, 2, 4 weeks. All experimental groups showed statistically significant differences between baseline and 2 and 4 weeks in every clinical indices. Especially, 30%minocycline strip and Minodent group showed a significant improvement in PBI at 2 weeks and in PPD at 2 and 4 weeks. In conclusion, highly bio-resorbable Minodent delivered subgingivally as an adjunct to scaling and root planing induces better clinical effects for periodontal health than 2% minocycline gel and control group.