• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.359-374
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• 1993

At present, many orthodontists regard the root parallelism of the posterior teeth important not only in diagnosis and treatment planning but also for predicting posttreatment stability. To evaluate it, they usually refer to the orthopantomogram. At this study, 97 samples were collected from students of Yonsei University, who have well-proportioned face, Angle's class I canine & molar relationships and no crown axis deviation of the posterior teeth including canines. Reliability of the root parallelism observed from orthopantomogram was evaluated by comparison with $45^{\circ}$ oblique cephalogram. The results were as follows : 1. In comparing the differences between anglular measurements in $45^{\circ}$ oblique cephalogram & orthopantomogram with $5^{\circ}$, those to mandibular plane were significantly less than to occlusal plane in number of items which showed less differences than $5^{\circ}$. 2. Compared the root parallelisms in the orthopantomogram with those in $45^{\circ}$ oblique cephalogram with $1\%$ significance level, parallelism between upper canine & 1st premolar, lower canine & 1st premolar, lower 1st premolar & 2nd premolar, and lower right 2nd molar & 3rd molar showed statistically significant differences. 3. When the significance between the differences of the root parallelism between above two kinds of film and $5^{\circ}$ was verified by two sided paired t-test, more or less large difference was shown between lower right 2nd molar & 3rd molar, a little larger than $5^{\circ}$ between lower canine & 1st premolar, smaller at the rest of them. 4. In $45^{\circ}$ oblique cephalogram, lower canine & 1st premolar showed convergent root arrangements each other, while in orthopantomogram they were divergent each other. All the others except them showed convergency on the upper, divergency on the lower in both films.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.657-666
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• 1996

Orthopantomogram is commonly used to evaluate root parallelism. "Good parallelism" between roots is widely accepted as one of the guidelines of a successful orthodontic treatment. In case there was a large angle between crown axis and root axis, and if we valued only the position of crown in establishing occlusal relationship without considering of the situation of root, the problem of root arrangement between adjacent teeth would be occurred. The estimate of root parallelism in mesiodistal direction before and after orthodontic treatment must be emphasized. The intent of this study was to determine the clinical importance and correlation of the angle between crown axis and root axis. Orthopantomograms of 105 orthodontic patients being treated in Yonsei university were used in this study. Twenty-eight teeth in both maxilla and mandible were selected and analyzed quantitively to evaluate the angle between crown axis and root axis, and obtain the correlationship among the individual teeth. The results are as follows: 1. Among the teeth presenting normal distribution, the maxillary right canine showed the largest mean value( $5.73{\pm}4.42^{\circ}$), which was composed of the crown-root angles, and the mandibular left lateral incisor showed the smallest mean value( $0.60{\pm}3.76^{\circ}$). 2. The crown-root angles of the maxillary incisors and the first molars, and the mandibular central incisors and the first molars didn't show normal distribution and the ranges of these angles were dispersed. 3. Significant differences were present between the crown axis and the root axis except for lower first premolars. (p<0.05) 4. No significant difference was present for the crown-root angle between right and left side, (p<0.05) 5. No significant difference was present for the crown-root angle between male and female except for lower left first premolar. (p<0.05) 6. In the upper right quadrant, significant correlations were present between crown-root angles of the central incisor and lateral incisor, lateral incisor and canine. In the upper left quadrant, significant correlations were present between crown-root angles of the central incisor and lateral incisor. In the lower right quadrant, significant correlations were present between crown-root angles of the central incisor and lateral incisor, first molar and second molar. In the lower left quadrant, significant correlations were present between crown-root angles of the central incisor and lateral incisor, lateral incisor and canine, first molar and second molar. (p<0.05)

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.64-72
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• 2022

Gear designers need to select the proper tolerances for deviations in both the center distance and parallelism of axes because these deviations cause high stresses and lead to fatigue breakage of the teeth. In this study, a three-dimensional finite element analysis model was developed for a helical gear used in metro vehicles, and a bending stress analysis method for gear pairs was established according to the contact position change. Using this model, the effect of shaft misalignment due to the center distance and shaft parallelism deviations on the bending stress of the gear was analyzed. As a result, the magnitude of the bending stress changed nearly linearly with the change in the center distance deviation. The tooth contact of the helical gear is biased toward the end of the tooth width when the parallelism deviations of the shaft occur, and the tooth root bending stress increases.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.240-251
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• 2008

본 연구는 파노라마 방사선사진에서 두부 위치 변화에 따라 인접 치아장축 사이에 이루는 각도가 어떻게 변화되는지 알아보기 위해 시행하였다. 정상교합자의 모델을 기초로 하여 3차원 solid 모델을 구성하고 이를 신속 조형모델(rapid prototyping, RP)로 제작하였다. 다음 9가지 두부위치들을 5주 동안 일주일 간격으로 재위치시키고 촬영하였다: ideal head position, $5^{\circ}$, $10^{\circ}$ up, $5^{\circ}$, $10^{\circ}$ down, $5^{\circ}$, $10^{\circ}$ right up, and $5^{\circ}$, $10^{\circ}$ right rotation. 파노라마 방사선사진 촬영은 디지털 방사선 촬영기(Planmeca ProMax)를 이용하였고 모니터상에서 직접 인접 치아장축을 표시하고 그 사이 각도를 계측하였다. 그 결과 이상적인 두부 위치와 다양한 두부 위치 변화에 따라 촬영한 파노라마 방사선사진 사이에 인접 치아장축 사이의 각도가 대부분 유의한 차이를 보였다. 수평축(X축)을 중심으로 고개를 든 경우, 각 치아들의 장축이 교합평면을 향하여 수렴하는 경향을 보였고 고개를 숙인 경우에는 치근단측을 향하여 수렴하는 경향을 보였으며, 이는 특히 전치부에서 가장 큰 차이를 보였다. 전후방축(Y축)을 중심으로 좌우측으로 고개를 기울인 경우, 교합평면이 올라간 쪽의 치아장축은 치근단측을 향하여 수렴하는 경향을 보였고 교합평면이 내려간 쪽은 교합평면을 향하여 수렴하는 경향을 보였다. 수직축(Z축)을 중심으로 고개를 좌우로 회전시킬 때, 고개를 돌린 쪽의 측절치와 견치는 치근단측을 향하여 수렴하고 반대측의 측절치와 견치는 교합평면을 향하여 수렴하였다. 이상의 결과들로 볼 때 파노라마 방사선사진 촬영 시 두부의 위치 변화에 따라 치근 평행도가 달라지기 때문에 환자를 올바르게 위치시키는 것이 중요하며, 교정 환자에서 파노라마 방사선사진을 이용하여 치근 평행도를 평가할 때 교합평면의 경사(전후방, 좌우측방)나 악궁의 비대칭 등이 반드시 고려되어야 할 것이다.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:시스템및이론
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• 제26권10호
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• pp.1185-1193
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• 1999

최적 스택 필터는 시그널 또는 영상의 임의의 특성 정보를 보존하고자 하는 요구조건에 의해 강제된 구조적 제약 하에서 최대의 잡음제거 효과를 얻을 수 있다. 그리고 임계치 분할 특성과 양의 부울 함수에 기반한 이진 영역에서의 처리 특성은 이 필터가 높은 병렬성을 갖고 있음을 보여준다. 본 논문에서는 두 개의 병렬 계산 모델 MCC(Mesh-Connected Computer)와 CCC(Cube-Connected Computer)에서 최적 스택 필터를 위한 1차원 병렬 알고리즘을 개발한다. 최적 스택 필터의 실행 시간은 주로 이진 median 연산에 의해 결정되고 본 논문에서 제안된 알고리즘은 선형 분리성에 의해 이 연산을 구현한다. 이를 바탕으로, M 레벨의 1-D 시그널의 길이가 L이고 윈도우 폭이 N이라고 가정할 때, 제안된 알고리즘은 {{{{root M times root M`` MCC에서 O(L sqrt{M}`) 시간에 그리고 M 개의 PE를 갖는 CCC에서 O(L log M)시간에 수행될 수 있다. 또한 잡음을 더욱 효과적으로 제거하기 위해 윈도우 폭 N을 증가시킬 때, 제안된 병렬 알고리즘의 계산 시간은 일정하게 유지됨을 보인다.Abstract An optimal stack filter achieves the maximum noise attenuation under the structural constraints imposed by the requirement of preserving certain signal or image features. And the filter provides a high parallelism due to the principles of threshold decomposition and binary processing based on positive Boolean functions(PBFs). In this paper, we develop an one-dimensional parallel algorithm for the optimal stack filter on two parallel computation models, MCC(Mesh-Connected Computer) and CCC(Cube-Connected Computer). The running time of the optimal stack filter depends mainly on the binary median operation and our algorithm realizes this operation by the linear separability. Based on this scheme, our parallel algorithm can be performed in {{{{O(L sqrt{M}`) MCC and inO(L log M) time on CCC with M PEs, when the length of M``-valued 1-D signal is L`` and window width is N`` Also, we show that the computation time of our parallel algorithm keeps constant when the window width N increases in order to achieve the best noise attenuation.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제64권3호
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• pp.279-285
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• 2017

Modal expansion technique (MET) is a method to estimate the vibration fields of flexible structures by using eigenmodes of the structure and the signals of sensors. It is the useful method to estimate the vibration fields but has the truncation error since it only uses the limit number of the eigenmodes in the frequency of interest. Even though block-wise MET performed frequency block by block with different valid eigenmodes was developed, it still has the truncation error due to the absence of other eigenmodes. Thus, this paper suggested an improved block-wise modal expansion technique. The technique recovers the truncation errors in one frequency block by utilizing other eigenmodes existed in the other frequency blocks. It was applied for estimating the vibration fields of a cylindrical shell. The estimated results were compared to the vibration fields of the forced vibration analysis by using two indices: the root mean square error and parallelism between two vectors. These indices showed that the estimated vibration fields of the improved block-wise MET more accurately than those of the established METs. Especially, this method was outstanding for frequencies near the natural frequency of the highest eigenmode of each block. In other words, the suggested technique can estimate vibration fields more accurately by recovering the truncation errors of the established METs.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.322-332
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• 2015

A 12-year-old girl was referred to our clinic for evaluation of an unaesthetic dental appearance. All permanent teeth were erupted, while the deciduous maxillary right canine was retained. Cone-beam computed tomography revealed a complete transposition of the maxillary left canine and first premolar involving both the crowns and the roots. Initial cephalometric analysis showed a skeletal Class III pattern, with a slight maxillary retrusion and a compensated proclination of the upper incisors. The patient's teeth were considered to be in the correct position; therefore, we decided to attempt treatment by correcting the transposition and using only orthodontic compensation of the skeletal Class III malocclusion. After 25 months of active orthodontic treatment, the patient had a Class I molar and canine relationship on both sides, with ideal overbite and overjet values. Her profile was improved, her lips were competent, and cephalometric evaluation showed acceptable maxillary and mandibular incisor inclinations. The final panoramic radiograph showed that good root parallelism was achieved. Two-year follow-up intraoral photography showed stable results.