• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.387-410
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to approach to the internal meanings included in the Happening and the culture of hippies, by analysing the basic mental conditions in the process of the Happening. And this study was composed of the concept and the development of Happening, the characteristics of the hippies that related in the midst of the happening's background, and the formativeness between these factors and hippies'fashion. Since the happening a genre of fine arts expression attended the New School for social research in New York in 1954, Allan Kaprow direct-influenced by John Cage used the word 'Hapening'first, practicing '18 Happenings in 6 parts'at the Rueben gallery in 1959. Kaprow's 18 Happenings was one of the earliest opportunities for a wider public to attend the live events that several artists had performed more privately for various friends. Despite the very different sensibilities and structures of artist's works, artists were all thrown together by the press under the general heading of 'Happening', following Kaprow's 18 Happenings. Being considered as the root of the Happening 'Expression of Sound'of John Cage was the discovery of the exisiting thing- the Happening. Most artists were to be deeply influenced by Cage's theories and attitudes-that is, his sympathy for Zen Buddihism and oriental philosophy-and by reports of the Black Mountain events. These events would directly reflect contemporary painting and stemmed from the Futurists, Dadaists and Surrealists. And Happening's development background was based on the culture of hippies. Swinging London had been under the sway of psychedelic drugs and utopian visions of 'hippie'wave sweeping in from Califonia. This wave, which affected solid middle-class youth first and formost, began in Haight Ashbury in San Francisco. Without dwelling on the hippie movement here, it is worth nothing that it resulted from the convergence of several undercurrents : consciousness-expending drugs, the anti-Vietnam war developments, the impact of English pop groups on American music and the rise of protest songs, and finally the beatnik tradition of non-conformism. Hippie culture and its pursuit of love, peace and psychedelia was the antitheses of 1960s main street fashion. The media gave everyone with long hair the label of 'hippie', but it was always a very loose collage of attitudes and styles. The rejection of sexual taboos was conveyed by the hippie's refusal to wear. Although the bold exposure of body raised controversies because it went against the existing moral values, it has a significant implications. Psychedelics brought mind-expansion and the possibillity that modern technology (light show, synthesized electronic sounds), new fabrics or colors, and LSD could be utilized to provide an escape route from the dreariness of modern life. During the 1960s, traditional costumes, many of which had never been seen outside their native regions, became sought after and adopted in the West, initially by the young, who wanted to demonstrate their solidarity with cultures uncontaminated by mass industry. The most ardent proponents of such folk costumes were the hippies. Hippies dress was sometimes decribed as 'anti-fashion', produced by a patchwork of ragged cast-offs and flamboyant accessories, of outmoded Western dress and time-honored ethnic garments all combined, modified and permutated into variety of personal statements. 'Flower Power'became a reality. From the results of this study, we can see the expanding trend of the influence and the concept of the sew art genre 'Happening'in the formativeness as well as the fine arts field.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.148-152
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• 2008

We inoculated hypal suspension of Tricholoma matsutake and T. magnivelare were examined on Pinus densiflora seedlings grown in a granite soil substrate with 1/2 PDMP (12 g/l potato dextrose broth, 1.5 g/l malt extract, and 0.5 g/l peptone) medium. Four months after inoculation, the pine seedlings were examined for infection rate, matsutake aroma, and Hartig-net formation. The roots of pine seedling formed ectomycorrhizal roots in the 9 isolates from 12 isolates of T. matsutake and T. magnivelare. However, the seedlings showed different ectomycorrhizae forming rates among the 9 isolates. While matsutake aroma was confirmed from the ectomycorrhizal seedlings, the pine seedling contaminated by bacteria or fungi did not form matsutake ectomycorrhizae with sickening smell. Thus, the aroma was chosen as a good way for the verification of mycorrhizal infection. At the early stage, the mycorrhizal roots showed unramified and branched types without root hair. They also showed thin mantle layers, Hartig-nets, and turned into black color at later stage. Among the examined strains, that of Yecheon isolated in 1995 showed the best infection rate, which indicated that we need to pay attention to the selection of isolates for better result.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.325-333
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• 2016

This study investigated the proximate compositions and sensory attributes of fresh and boiled soybean sprouts. The sensory attributes of cooked soybean sprouts (Kongnamulmuchim) were also assessed after boiling and seasoning. Proximate compositions were analyzed from the total sprout, cotyledon and hypocotyl without hair root. Soybean sprouts cultivated with four recommended soybean cultivars (Nokchae bean, Dawon bean, Seonam bean and Pungsannamul bean) in a lab and then used for analysis. Carbohydrate, protein, lipid and ash contents were lower, while moisture was lower, in the cotyledon than in the hypocotyl of fresh soybean sprouts, regardless of the bean type. Each soybean sprout showed different contents of chemical constituents in total sprout, cotyledon, and hypocotyl parts. Sensory attributes such as odor, flavor, and overall acceptability were evaluated. Each panels showed a response on a 9-point rating scale. The acceptability of fresh soybean sprouts was negatively correlated with beany and grassy tastes, but positively correlated with nutty and sweet tastes. The acceptability of boiled soybean sprouts was negatively correlated with beany and grassy flavors, and positively correlated with nutty odor and flavor. In addition, acceptability of cooked soybean sprouts (Kongnamulmuchim) was positively correlated with nutty and sweet flavors. The beany and grassy flavors limited acceptability of fresh soybean sprouts, whereas the prominence of nutty flavor might contribute to acceptance of boiled and cooked soybean sprouts.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.433-458
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• 2008

This study were examined for their external morphological characters such as root, leaf, inflorescenses, flower, stamen, pistil, and fruit as to Korean Thalictrum L. and discussed taxanomic value of characters, and made out a new key. This study confirmed that specialized stems and roots type were divided into fibrous type, fibrous having a tuber type, long fusiform tuberous type, tuberoid type, rhizome type and stolon type. The stem were divided into two types based on existence and nonexistence of striate or pubescent. Leaves were usually 2-3-ternately and was divided into three types based on leaf apex, leaf base and number of lobe. Inflorescenses were divided into two type; corymb, panicle. Flower is bisexual, and don't have petal. It was divided from existence and nonexistence of calyx when it flowering. Especially, the stamens were divided from anther shape and apex shape, degree of dilation of filament, epidermic shape of filament etc., and the pistils were divided from glandular on ovary, length of carpel stipe etc.. The fruit is a achene and it was divided from achene shape, achene rib or wings, achene stipe length. This study suggest that useful characters for identifying section are degree of dilation of filament, anther shape, achene rib and wings, degree of dilation of achene. Also, roots, leaf shape, stamen and pistil shape, achene beak and achene length, achene and leaf hair appear to be useful characters for identifying species.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.556-560
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• 2003

It was determined whether the sandwich ELISA using specific anti-CP4 EPSPS polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, developed in the previous study, could be applied to detect GM soybean or not. The soybeans (47 imported and 20 domestic soybeans) were analyzed by a sandwich ELISA. The results of imported soybeans were divided into two groups which were high contents $(39.1{\pm}13.5\;{\mu}g/g,\;n=33)$ and low contents of CP4 EPSPS $(2.6{\pm}1.2\;{\mu}g/g,\;n=14)$. The ratio of GM in imported soybeans was about 70.2%. One the other hand, the contents of CP4 EPSPS in domestic soybeans was very low $(0.9{\pm}0.5\;{\mu}g/g,\;n=20)$ which determined to be non-GM soybeans. In case of soybean sprouts, the contents of CP4 EPSPS in soybean sprouts were different between GM and non-GM soybean sprout. The CP4 EPSPS in cotyledon of GM soybeans sprout was higher than that in root hair. The contents of CP4 EPSPS in soybeans sprout of domestic soybeans were very low. Thus, it was possible to determine that the soybeans sprout was made of GM or non-GM soybeans. Also, PCR experiment showed that the sandwich ELISA was accurate to distinguish the soybeans to be GM or non-GM. These results showed the sandwich ELISA could determine the soybeans were GM or non-GM, rapidly and simply.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.373-381
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• 2017

The main objective of this study was to increase the germination percentage of kenaf seeds with less number of times under non-saline and saline conditions. Therefore, the first goal was to assess the response of kenaf seeds to NaCl. The second goal was to evaluate the effects of $KNO_3$ on kenaf seed germination. The germination percentage exhibited a decreasing tendency in germination rate. Plant dry weight was approximately 0.2 g in all treatments at 5 days after germination. As time passed, the electrical conductivity (EC) value of hydro-priming (HP) consistently increased by 8.7 mS/cm at 24 hours of immersion. However, seeds primed with $KNO_3$ showed no difference in EC values even as times passed. Regarding the priming effect, priming in 100 mM $KNO_3$ concentration for 12 hours increased germination up to 85% in $H_20$ solution and in 0 mM $KNO_3$ concentration upto 73.8% under 0.3% NaCl solution, compared to that of Control. Germination synchronization, shoot length, and leaf unfolding of primed seeds were greater than those of the Control. In addition, main root and hair roots appeared more rapidly in the treated seeds and were more abundant compared to that of the Control. The T50 (times to reach 50% of the final germination percentage) of the Control in both $H_20$ and 0.3% NaCl solutions was 18 and 22 hours, respectively. However, when treated $KNO_3$ priming (0 to 100 mM) in $H_20$ and 0.3% NaCl solution, 9 hours was sufficient to reach T50. Primed (hydro-priming and $KNO_3$) seeds had a lower MDG (mean days untill germination; 0.6-0.62) compared to that of the Control (1.13-1.31) in $H_20$ and 0.3% NaCl solutions. Regarding dry weight of plants after priming, an increasing tendency after the priming treatment in the H20 solution was observed. Furthermore, no significant difference in plant dry weight under 0.3% NaCl stress was observed between the Control and primed seeds. Taken together, the results suggest that 50-100 mM $KNO_3$ priming for 24 hours optimize seed germination rate in less number of times of exposure with great vigor. Therefore, it is recommended for kenaf seed invigoration before planting.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.92-97
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• 2011

Morphological and physiological differences of $Colocasia$ $esculenta$ were investigated in the cultivation of hydorphonic and soil culture. $C.$ $esculenta$ grown in Hoa.+IAA (indole-acetic acid) showed higher growth activity representing 9%, 32%, 38% and 60% than those of the cultivation of vermiculate, Hoagland solution, soil and water, respectively. In case of $F_v/F_m$ ratio experiments, the value $F_v/F_m$ of $C.$ $esculenta$ cultivated in the water showed 0.55 after 6 weeks. $F_v/F_m$ values of $C.$ $esculenta$ cultivated in Hoagland+IAA, vermiculate and soil were between 0.84 and 0.80 indicating $F_v/F_m$ values were about 45% higher than that of $C.$ $esculenta$ cultivated in the water. Diffusion resistance was 45~35% lower in $C.$ $esculenta$ grown in Hoa.+IAA solution than that of $C.$ $esculenta$ grown in water only after 5 and 6 weeks. Therefore, the high standing levels of the growth rate, fluorescence activity and transpiration rate were Hoa.+IAA, vermiculate, Hoagland, soil and water. The distinct morphological differences of $C.$ $esculenta$ cultivated in hydorphonic and soil culture were the appearance of the seed corm and root hair. The development of seed corm was well established in soil culture but the corm in hydorphonic was slowly hydrolyzed and then disappeared. The fibrous root systems of hydorphonic were very well distinguishable compared with that in soil culture. Outstanding results of this experiment were appeared in $C.$ $esculenta$ which was cultivated in the field provided with enough mineral nutrition, organic fertilizers and compound fertilizers. The most height taros were almost 2m and the numbers of seed corm were 30~40 after 7 months.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.49-62
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• 1974

1. In the comparison of survival ratio among three different methods(bark graft, veneer graft, root graft), bark graft showed the highest survival ratio and root graft was the lowest. It was shown to be significant at the level of 5% in the analysis of variance for the results. It was able to be supposed that one of the main causes for the results was the different amounts of ferric tannic acid which was formated owing to the reaction of grafting knife with tannic acid oozing from cutting faces of the tree. In juvenile tissue graft, the survival ratio of inverted radicle graft was a little higher than that of juvenile stem graft, but there was no significant difference between two methods in analysis of variance. 2. The most hairs of chestnut tree leaves were recognized as stellates on the most part of leaves except for venation. The number of rays in the stellates was ranged from 4 to 8 generally. It was shown to be highly significant differences at the level of 1% among the each race growing at the similar environmental condition in the length of ray and the distributed ratio of the stellates having different ray number. 3. Excepting for the basal width of serration there were no significant differences between $Imakita_1$, $Imakita_2$ as well as between $Teteuchi_1$, $Teteuchi_2$ at the each point of experimental items in this study. Such results made this study more useful. 4. Among the races that were growing in the similar environmental condition, there were highly significant differences at the level of 1% in the length and the width of serration. 5. The rolling of hair, the angle of serration from the leaf margin, the existence of lateral vein in the serration, the intrusion of main vein into the serration and the width of main vein were observed to be somewhat useful as the subsidiary methods for the identification of chestnut races.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.303-319
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• 2014

The study researched germination of the plants and growth of experimented bacteria according to concentration of water extract in order to provide basic data for developing natural agricultural resources by using naturalized plants including Solidago altissima, Amaranthus retroflexus and Sida spinosa. As concentration of water extract increased, most of test plants showed a decrease in relative germinability. Sida spinosa(r=-0.540, p<0.01), Physalis wrightii(r=-0.693, p<0.01), Amaranthus retroflexu(r=-0.724, p<0.01), Solidago altissima(r=-0.728, p<0.01) and Eclipta prostrata(r=-0.779, p<0.01) showed tendency of decrease in relative germinative power in order, respectively. For average germination period, as concentration of the processed group increased, the time for germination increased (r = 0.769, p<0.01) and according to donor plants and test plants, there was a little difference. Also, as concentration of water extract of donor plant, length of above-aerial part(r=-0.587, p<0.01), length of underground part(r=-0.741, p<0.01), fresh weight(r=-0.574, p<0.01) and generation of root hair decreased. An then, for growth of test fungi according to concentration of water extract of donor plants, growths of Botrytis cinerea(r=-0.266, p<0.05), Diaporthe citri(r=-0.323 p<0.01), Colletotrichum gloeosporioides(r=-0.512, p<0.01), Pythiumultimum(r=-0.581, p<0.01) and Rhizoctonia solani(r=-0.806, p<0.01) were repressed in order, respectively. For total amount of content of phenol with herbicidal and Antifungal activities, S. altissima $17.3{\pm}0.5mg/g$, A. retroflexus $13.1{\pm}0.3mg/g$, P. wrightii $12.0{\pm}0.4mg/g$, S. spinosa $9.5{\pm}0.1mg/g$ and E. prostrata L. $4.1{\pm}0.1mg/g$ showed in order, respectively. As these results are summarized, donor plants which were naturalized, have competitive advantage because they release phenolic compounds with allelopathic effect and affect on germination, growth and fungi growth on underground flora compared to native plants and they have eligibility for natural herbicide and germicide.