• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.272-280
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• 2015

Recently, Luu suggested fatigue life equation that uses every term of the Crossland equation with stress gradient effect. Luu’s model, however, has a limit of being unable to coverage small radii that are less than a specified length. Furthermore, rolling model has a very small contact area compared to the rolling element size, and fatigue failure occurs on the small radius such as surface asperity by cyclic loading. Therefore, it is necessary to modify fatigue life equation in order to enable fatigue analysis for a small radius. In this paper, the fatigue life considering a stress gradient effect in rolling contact was obtained using Luu’s modified equation. Fatigue analysis was performed to study the effect of stress gradient on the fatigue life using newly adopted equation and to compare the results with pervious models. In order to do this, a series of simulation such as surface stress analysis, subsurface stress analysis, and fatigue analysis are conducted for two rolling balls of same size that contact each other. Through such a series of processes, the fatigue life can be calculated and equation that is proposed in this paper evaluates the fatigue life in case the contact area is small.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers Conference
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• 1997.04a
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• pp.74-79
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• 1997

Most of the results of recent research for the influence of indentation on rolling contact fatigue has been carried out with high strength material under the point contact. The plastic lug around the indent also has been known as a source of stress concentration. This study is undertaken to analyze the influence of indentation on rolling contact fatigue with low strength material under the line contact. The results in this study show that the plastic flow around indentation by rolling friction has a major influence, differed from the results of high strength material. And the change of residual stress and half-value breadth measured to the failure by X-ray diffraction can be identified to predict the rolling contact fatigue life of indented materials.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.477-483
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• 2000

Rolling contact fatigue (RCF) tests were performed for two kinds of commercial silicon nitride balls using 4-Ball rolling contact fatigue life tester under EHL condition (Λ=8.9) and boundary lubrication condition (Λ=0.2). All the test balls were finished up to the dimensional accuracy of Grade 5 defined in KS B 2001 (Steel Balls for Ball Bearings) with a size of 8.731 mm. RCF tests were then conducted under the initial theoretical maximum contact stress 6.63 GPa and the spindle speed 10,000 rpm. All the test balls were not failed until 3.75 $\times$ 107 contact cycles and wear tracks of test balls were not conspicuous under EHL condition (Λ= 8.9). In the operations of low lambda regime (Λ= 0.2), all the test balls were surface damaged and high rolling wear resistance was achievable in fully densified using MgO 1 wt% and HIPed balls. Rolling wear of silicon nitride balls under boundary lubrication condition depend mainly on grain size and intergranular phase content of silicon nitride balls.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.190-198
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• 1994

In order to study the effect of retained austenite on rolling contact fatigue in high-carbon chromium bearing steel, retained austenite was controlled by only tempering temperature, individually 200, 220 and $240^{\circ}C$. Among various microstructural alteration during rolling contact fatigue test, plate-like carbide most related to the flaking at sub-surface of contact pressure. The plate-like carbides formed during rolling contact fatigue test decrease with increasing tempering temperature, and fatigue life is much more improved. The retained austenite was decreased with the tempering temperature, and that decreased plate-like carbide formation. Therefore fatigue life is much more improved with decreasing retained austenite.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2000

It has been cleared in previous author's paper that the fatigue life before the pitting on the rolling contact surface with lubricant are influenced by the wear amount. In this study, the wear type has been clarified when wear amount is extremely large such as the case without lubricant. The test of rolling contact fatigue has been conducted under two different of herzian pressures and three different of slide ratios without lubricant. In addition, residual stress and half-value breadth using X-ray diffraction on worn surface have been measured as well as the wear amount. The results show that the pitting type wear by rolling contact fatigue has not been occurred when the wear amount is considerably large. Thus this type of wear has been deduced by the fatigue wear depending on delamination theory.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.292-300
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• 1995

According to the number of cold-rolled coils, the amount of roll wear and thermal expansion, and roll gap profile were calculated, by using the actual data from the finishing mill. Also, based on those data, the calculations of the deflection, the flattening, and the contact pressure of vwork rolls and backup rolls were made respectively. Specially, in the calculation of contact pressure, the numerical results were obtained not only during the normal rolling, but also during the abnormal rolling, by modeling mathematically the dynamic impact force which occurs when the head section of the strip is threading through rolls. With those results the growth of the fatigue region and the fatigue damage of rolls were predicted. Also the optimum roll-grinding depth was determined to maximize the roll life.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.35-41
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• 2010

White Etching Layer(WEL) is a phenomenon that occurs on the surface of rail due to wheel/rail interactions such as excessive braking and acceleration. Rolling Contact Fatigue(RCF) cracks on the surface of rail have been found to be associated with WEL. In this study, we have investigated RCF damages of white etching layer using twin disc testing and fatigue analysis. These tests consist of wheel flat tests and rolling contact fatigue tests. WEL has been simulated by wheel flat test. It has been founded that the WEL with a bright featureless contrast is formed on the surface of specimen by etching. Rolling contact fatigue test was conducted by using flat specimens with the WEL generated by the wheel flat test. It has been observed that two types of cracks occur within the specimen. The contact fatigue test was simulated in 2D elastic-plastic FE simulations. Based on loading cycles obtained from the finite element analysis, the fatigue life analysis according to the thickness variation of WEL was carried out. The longest fatigue life was observed from the thickness of 20um.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.205-212
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• 1995

Effect of Mn addition on rolling contact fatigue of C-base induction hardened bearing steels has been investigated to develop inexpensive surface-hardened bearing steels with improved resistance to rolling contact fatigue. Fatigue tests were conducted in elasto-hydrodynamic lubricating conditions at a shaft speed of 5,000rpm, under max. Hertzian stress of $492kg/mm^2$. It was found in the C-Mn steels that effective depth of induction hardened layer and amount of retained austenite were slightly increased in comparison with those of C-base steels. finer interlamellar spacing of pearlite in the C-Mn steels was also observed using TEM. Decomposition of retained austenite during rolling contact fatigue was smaller in quantity in the C-Mn steels than C-base steels. This might be associated with enhanced mechanical stability of retained austenite with addition of Mn. Statistical analysis of fatigue life for C-Mn steels using Weibull distribution indicated that improved resistance to rolling contact fatigue was mainly attributed to transformation induced plasticity and mechanical stability of retained austenite.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2003

Recently, PM-high speed steel(PM-HSS) has reportedly been a good alternative material for rolling mill because of its superior performance to conventional HSS. This paper has been aimed to investigate the possibility for application to rolling contact element for PM-HSS by X-ray diffraction technique. The X-ray elastic constant for PH-HSS has been found by X-ray diffraction during the four-point bending test. Residual stress and half-value breadth on the contact surface during rolling contact fatigue process by X-ray diffraction have also been measured. The result of this study shows that the application of X-ray diffraction technique to PM-HSS could be as possible alternative material as conventional HSS. Half-value breadth on rolling contact surface by X-ray diffraction is not changed during rolling contact fatigue process. On the other hand, the residual stress is changed. This suggests that dislocation reaction has been hardly occurred in rolling contact, depending on super-saturated carbon in PM-HSS.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2011.06a
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• pp.1539-1540
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• 2011