• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2003

Recently, PM-high speed steel(PM-HSS) has reportedly been a good alternative material for rolling mill because of its superior performance to conventional HSS. This paper has been aimed to investigate the possibility for application to rolling contact element for PM-HSS by X-ray diffraction technique. The X-ray elastic constant for PH-HSS has been found by X-ray diffraction during the four-point bending test. Residual stress and half-value breadth on the contact surface during rolling contact fatigue process by X-ray diffraction have also been measured. The result of this study shows that the application of X-ray diffraction technique to PM-HSS could be as possible alternative material as conventional HSS. Half-value breadth on rolling contact surface by X-ray diffraction is not changed during rolling contact fatigue process. On the other hand, the residual stress is changed. This suggests that dislocation reaction has been hardly occurred in rolling contact, depending on super-saturated carbon in PM-HSS.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.51-55
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• 1994

Rolling friction test was carried out to investigate the effect of the wear amount on rolling contact fatigue process in lubrication oil. The methods of this process were conducted at two Hertzian contact pressure and three slide ratio in each case by employing normalized and annealed carbon steel. During process of the rolling contact fatigue, the number of rotation until surface damage was occurred, the wear amount of rolling contact surface, and residual stress and half-value breadth using X-ray reflection on rolling contact surface were investigated. The result of this study shows that rolling contact fatigue process was directly influenced by wear trend and was confirmed by change of residual stress and half-value breadth on rolling contact surface.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.71-77
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• 1994

Rolling friction test was carried out to investigate the effect of the wear amount on rolling contact fatigue process in lubrication oil. The methods of this process were conducted at two Hertzian contact pressure and three slide ratio in each case by employing normalized and annealed carbon steel. During process of the rolling contact fatigue, the number of rotation until surface damage was occurred, the wear amount of rolling contact surface, and residual stress and half-value breadth using X-ray reflection on rolling contact surface were investigated. The result of this study shows that rolling contact fatigue process was directly influenced by wear trend and was confirmed by change of residual stress and half-value breadth on rolling contact surface.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.209-215
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• 2001

In view of the effects of the hardness of material on fatigue, rolling contact fatigue process in hard metals seems to differ from it in soft metals. This paper has been aimed to compare the rolling contact fatigue process according to the hardness of materials. Rolling contact fatigue tests using the ball bearings assembled with the inner race of four different hardness have been carried out. In addition, residual stress and half-value breadth on/below the inner raceway during individual rolling contact fatigue have been measured by X-ray diffraction. The results of this study showed that the change of residual stress and half-value breadth during the rolling contact fatigue on race way in hard metals is the same as in soft metals. However, plastic deformation by rolling contact in hard metals is in microscopic scale but only for soft metals in macroscopic scale.

• Proceedings of the Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute Conference
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• 2006.09a
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• pp.559-560
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• 2006

Powder forging is used for heavy-loaded parts (rings of rolling-contact bearings, gears etc.) production. Rolling contact fatigue is material property values of which characterize possibility of practical utilization of such parts. Rolling contact fatigue of some steels obtained out of prealloyed powders Astaloy CrM, Atomet 4601, Atomet 4901 and powder blends iron-carbon-nickel by hot forging is studied in the present paper. Effect of various kinds of heat and thermomechanical treatment on rolling contact fatigue is determined. Thermomechanical treatment provides optimal values of rolling contact fatigue. In this case steel structure contains up to 40% of retained metastable austenite which is transformed to martensite on trials. Thus typically crack is generated on residual pores and non-metallic inclusions instead of martensite zones in wrought steels.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.44-49
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• 2000

Recently, PM-high speed steel(PM-HSS) has reportedly been a good alternative material for rolling mill because of its superior peformance to conventional HSS. This paper has been aimed to investigate the possibility for application to rolling contact element for PM-HSS by X-ray diffraction technique. The X-ray elastic constant for PM-HSS has been found by X-ray diffraction during the four-point bending test. Residual stress and half-value breadth on the contact surface during rolling contact fatigue process by X-ray diffraction have also been measured. The result of this study shows that the application of X-ray diffraction technique to PM-HSS could be as possible alternative material as conventional HSS. Half-value breadth on rolling contact surface by X-ray diffraction is not changed during rolling contact fatigue process. On the other hand, the residual stress is changed. This suggests that dislocation reaction has been hardly occurred in rolling contact, depending on supersaturated carbon in PM-HSS.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2011.10a
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• pp.643-648
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• 2011

Fatigue crack in most rails take place by rolling contact between wheel and rail in railway industry. Therefore, it is critical to understand the rolling contact phenomena, especially for the three-dimensional situation. In this paper the steady-state rolling contact problem of KTX wheel and rail (UIC60) has been studied with three-dimensional finite element analysis. The variation of contact pressure and contact stresses on rolling contact surface were obtained using the finite element method. The three-dimensional distribution of contact stresses on the contact surface are investigated. Results show that the distribution of shear stress and contact stress (von Mises) on the contact surface varies rapidly as a result of the variation of stick-slip region. The contact stress at the leading edge is greater than at the trailing edge because of stick and slip phenomena.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.577-584
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• 1997

Evaluation of rolling contact fatigue damage as well as material development for roll of rolling mill is being studied until quite recently. In this paper, a focus has been imposed on evaluating the rolling contact fatigue damage. In order for this, the accumulating process of rolling contact damage using the ferritic, pearlitic and bainitic DCI has been analyzed by X-ray diffraction technique. The main finds are; 1) The graphite in DCI is considered to be a cause of interfering in the redistribution of stress. Eventually, it results in the branching of crack. 2) The evaluation of rolling contact fatigue damage can be estimated in terms of the change of residual stress and/or a half-value breadth on surface during rolling contact.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2017

A large amount of research has been performed on the rolling contact fatigue(RCF) life of bearings, since it directly affects the safety and reliability of mechanical systems. It is well known that rolling contact fatigue life is influenced by several parameters including contact pressure, oil contamination by water or metal particles, and the surface conditions of bearings. However, the detailed damage mechanisms involved in rolling contact fatigue have not been clearly identified yet. In this paper the effects of water contamination of the lubricant and surface roughness of bearing steel on the rolling contact fatigue life were investigated. Two types of specimens with different surface roughness values were prepared through turning and lapping operations. They were tested under two different lubrication conditions, i.e. oil lubricant with 100% of oil and the water contaminated condition with 80% of oil and 20% of water using the rolling contact fatigue testing machine. The surface damage induced by the rolling contact fatigue was observed by using atomic force microscope(AFM). Experimental results show that the rolling contact fatigue life, $L_{10}$ was reduced by 24 to 33% depending on the lubrication condition. The reduction of fatigue life in the range of 53 to 57% was also observed at different surface roughness conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.565-571
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• 2011

Because most fatigue cracks in wheel and rail take place by rolling contact of wheel and rail in railroad industry, it is critical to understand the rolling contact phenomena, especially for the three-dimensional situation. This paper presents an approach to steady-state rolling contact problem of three-dimensional contact bodies, with or without tangential force, based on the finite element method. The steady-state conditions are controlled by the applied relative slip and tangential force. The three-dimensional distribution of tangential traction and contact stresses on the contact surface are investigated. Results show that the distribution of tangential traction and contact stresses on the contact surface varies rapidly as a result of the variation of stick-slip region. The tangential traction is very close in form to Carter's distribution.