• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.472-480
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• 2005

Purpose: Purpose of this study was to identify the effects on maternal role strain, maternal role confidence and maternal identity of a maternal role promotion program for mothers of premature infants. Method: A quasi-experimental non-equivalent pre-and-post test was used to compare the two groups. The data were collected from 62 mothers from September 10. 2003 to August 30, 2004 at Neonatal Intensive Care Unit(NICU) located in S. city and K. city. The maternal role promotion program was provided three times during the period from two-three days after the baby's admission to 1 month after the baby's discharge. The instruments for measurement were the Perceived Role Difficulty & Steffensmeier Scale, Self Confidence Scale and Semantic Differential Scale. Data were analyzed by means of frequency, mean and SD, $x^2$-test and t-test. Results: There were significant differences in maternal role strain level between the experimental and control group (t=2.163, p=.035), in the maternal role confidence between the two groups(t=-5.645, p=.000) and in maternal identity between the two groups(t=-4.923, p=.000). Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the maternal role promotion program had positive effects in decreasing maternal role strain levels and increasing maternal role confidence and maternal identity.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.192-200
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare and examine gender role identity and sexual attitude according to sex among college students. Method: The subjects consisted of 1,118 college students. The tool for gender role identity and sexual attitude was the Korea Gender Role Identity Inventory(KGRII) of Lee, Kim and Koh(2002) and the Sexual Attitude Scale of Koh, Kim and Lee(2005). The collected data was analyzed using descriptive analyzed statistics, $X^2$ test, Lamda, t-test, ANOVA, Sheffe and Pearson correlation with the SPSS WIN 12.0 program. Result: For male students, undifferentiated role identity type, 36.5%, was the most common but for female students, an androgynous role identity type, 39.3%, was most common. The sexual attitude score according to gender role identity type was 2.9 for the undifferentiated type as the highest score. Of both male and female students, the highest sexual attitude score was the undifferentiated type. Sexual attitude according to general characteristics for male students had a significant difference in major field of study and height and for female students weight. Sexual attitude was significantly related to age, height and weight. Conclusion: These results suggest that gender role identity and sexual attitudes are different between the sexes. This study result contributes to providing basic data for sex education and nursing interventions for college students.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.141-150
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to empirically analyze the impact of role stress (role conflict, role ambiguity, and role overload) on career commitment and turnover intention in small and medium-sized hospital workers in Busan. The subjects of the study were 418 nursing and administrative workers engaged in hospitals and general hospitals in Busan. Frequency analysis, correlation analysis, and regression analysis were conducted for empirical analysis. The results of the study are as follows. First, significant differences in some research variables were identified according to gender, age, educational background, marital status, and working years. Depending on the job type, there were significant differences in all variables such as role conflict, role ambiguity, role overload, career commitment, and turnover intention. Second, role stress was found to have a significant negative effect on career commitment and a significant positive effect on turnover intention. Among the role stress, it was confirmed that the role overload had the strongest influence on career commitment and turnover intention. This study is meaningful in that it analyzed the influence of role stress, including workers in all occupations, including nursing jobs, and empirically revealed the meaning of role stress as an explanatory variable of career commitment and turnover intention.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.561-572
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify gender role identity and stereotypes and to explore the relationship between gender role identity and stereotype among college students. Method: The subjects consisted of 245 college students in Daegu. Each participant was administered the KGRII of Lee, Kim, Koh(2002) and Sex Stereotype scales modified by Kim, Dongil(1999). The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA, $x^2-test$, Sheffe test with SPSS 11.0 PC Program. Result: 1. For male students, masculinity type(32.4%) was most prevalent but for female students, feminity type (29.3%) was most common. 2. Female students were inclined to oppose traditional sex-role rather than male students. And the over 23 years old group tended to resist traditional sex-roles rather than other aged group. 3. The Androginy typed group had more progressive sex-role compared with undifferentiated typed group. Conclusion: These results suggest that gender role identity and sex stereotype were difference in sex and age. And the androgyny typed group had more progressive sex-role compared with other gender role identity typed group.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.25-35
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• 2014

This paper aims to propose a conceptual model that empirically examines the relationship of psychological empowerment & role satisfaction and their dimensions with motivation in an Indian context. 176 executives/managers from many public sector organizations in India were approached. Cronbach alpha, correlation and regression analyses were applied to check the research hypotheses. Only meaning was found to be important predictor of motivation. Interestingly, achievement and extension were also observed to be the determinants of motivation. This paper would help researchers and practitioners to work on these variables in some other sectors also. Improvement in the psychological empowerment and role satisfaction will enhance the motivation among Indian business executives/managers which will improve the overall performance of the organization. It is an innovative attempt to utilize psychological empowerment and role satisfaction independently to improve motivation in an Indian framework.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.589-602
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• 2020

Background and objective: There are many theories related to the development of agrotourism, and each stakeholder has its own role and function. If it is based on organizational functions, stakeholders need to be coordinated, and the state plays a major administrative role. But in the successful case of Yeongdong County, Chungcheongbuk province, the Republic of Korea, the government played an important role in the development of tourism, which grants us another perspective on the role of the government in promotion and development agrotourism activities. Methods: This article aims to examine the development of agrotourism through a cooperative approach, by clarifying the role of the local authorities in the Yeongdong region in the management and operation of the local agrotourism activities. The qualitative research method is based on a field survey conducted in Yeongdong County in 2019. Results: The study's findings show that in situations where conflicts of interest among stakeholders are prone to occur, the development of local tourism has a limited impact on the cooperative culture, and local governments play an important role. Accordingly, the local governments must actively formulate strategies to maintain and develop traditional agricultural industries and at the same time develop agrotourism activities. The government's ability to coordinate, cooperate, and participate reasonably is a key factor for the success of the sustainable development of the tourism industry. Conclusion: Based on coordination between stakeholders and a reasonable strategic direction, Yeongdong's agrotourism is being effectively deployed. The development of Yeongdong's agrotourism industry has achieved impressive results through an effective strategy, highlighting the important role of localgovernment in the consensus of local communities and collaboration with stakeholders. The role of outstanding local governments has been clearly demonstrated, especially in promoting, establishing, and contacting different organizations to effectively deploy agrotourism in the region.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.21.1-21.22
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• 2021

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have strong immunosuppressive activity and are morphologically similar to conventional monocytes and granulocytes. The development and classification of these cells have, however, been controversial. The activation network of MDSCs is relatively complex, and their mechanism of action is poorly understood, creating an avenue for further research. In recent years, MDSCs have been found to play an important role in immune regulation and in effectively inhibiting the activity of effector lymphocytes. Under certain conditions, particularly in the case of tissue damage or inflammation, MDSCs play a leading role in the immune response of the central nervous system. In cancer, however, this can lead to tumor immune evasion and the development of related diseases. Under cancerous conditions, tumors often alter bone marrow formation, thus affecting progenitor cell differentiation, and ultimately, MDSC accumulation. MDSCs are important contributors to tumor progression and play a key role in promoting tumor growth and metastasis, and even reduce the efficacy of immunotherapy. Currently, a number of studies have demonstrated that MDSCs play a key regulatory role in many clinical diseases. In light of these studies, this review discusses the origin of MDSCs, the mechanisms underlying their activation, their role in a variety of clinical diseases, and their function in immune response regulation.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.137-156
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to analyze types of roles and fashion of the Chinese first ladies and provide basic data for fashion image-making of first ladies. As for the research methods, the concepts, role types, and fashion of the first ladies were considered by referring to the precedent studies and relevant literature. Then, the fashion images according to role types were analyzed by collecting the photos of Chinese first ladies from the period of the Republic of China until today. The results were as follows: First, when the roles of Chinese first ladies were categorized based on ceremonial, political, and policy roles, Zhuo Lin and Wang Yeping played a ceremonial role; Wang Guangmei, Liu Yongqing, and Peng Liyuan played a political role; and Soong Qingling, Soong Mayling, and Jiang Qing played a policy role while they were first ladies. While the first ladies of the Republic of China often wore classic Chinese styles like traditional qipao as well as western clothes which contained a western influence, the first ladies of the People's Republic of China wore more colorful clothes and more accessories in the later period, and also often wore clothes that combined traditional and western elements. Second, first ladies who played a ceremonial role showed mannish and classic images; those who played a political role showed elegant, classic, and diverse images according to T.P.O; and those who played a policy role showed feminine, modern, and mannish images. Fashion images of the first ladies varied according to the level of political involvement, the sociocultural background of China at that time, and their personality and preference.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.63-70
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• 1986

The objectives of this study were to investigate the three aspects of clothing behavior of high school toys and the relationships between those of clothing behavior and sex role attitude. For clothing behavior, two types of Clothing Conformity Scales were developed for this study, and two other aspects were assessed with Won, Choi. and Kahng's questionnaires dealing with Unisex Clothing Behavior and The Interest in fashionable Styles of Clothing. Sex role attitude was measured by Choi's questionnairs which was selected from Osmond-Martins's Sex Role Attitude Scale, and from Smith, Ferree and Miller's Feminism Scale. The questionnaires were administered to a sample of 243 high school boys in Seoul. The statistical analyses used for this study included relative frequency, Pearson's correlation, stepwise multiple regression. ANOVA, and t-test. The results obtained from this research were: 1) The liberal attitude of high school boys toward sex role was, in part, negatively correlated to the clothing conformity. 2) There were no significant relationships between sex role attitude ana unisex clothing behavior, and between sex role attitude and the interest in fashionable styles of clothing. 3) The unisex clothing behavior of the students was positively correlated to their interest in fashionable styles of clothing.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.499-509
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating effect of flourishing on the relationship between role conflict and burnout as perceived by school counselors. A total of 242 school counselors participated in this study. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS and PROCESS macro programs. The study results showed a significant positive correlation between role conflict and burnout and a significant negative correlation between flourishing and role conflict and burnout. In addition, depending on the three subtypes of role conflict (i.e., role-expectation conflict, individual-role conflict, and role ambiguity conflict), the effects on various sub-signs of burnout differed. It was found that flourishing mediated all of these variables of role conflict influencing burnout. These results suggest that flourishing can be considered an indicator for professionalism management of school counselors and a result showing that a positive psychological approach at the school level can be helpful in improving the effectiveness of school counseling by contributing positively not only to students but also to school counselors.