• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.635-639
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• 1995

Digestibility trial was performed with carps weighing 200 g/fish. Fecal collection was made over 7 days using a settling column. The water temperature was in the range of 27 to $30{^{\circ}C}$ during whole experimental period. Fishes were fed 5 diets (Control, $F_{24}S_{13}$, $F_{16}S_{27}$, $F_8S_{40}$ and $F_0S_{56}$) containing both 32%, 24%, 16%, 8% and 0% of fish meal (F) and 0%, 13%, 27%, 40% and 56% of roasted full-fat soybean (S), respectively. Water volume in each recirculated rearing tank was maintained at 130 l with flow rate of 10-12 l/min. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, protein, lipid, total carbohydrates and energy in diets showed a reduction (p < 0.05) with the increase of dietary full-fat soybean level, although there was no difference in the ADCs between Control and $F_{24}S_{13}$ (p > 0.05). The ADCs of ash, Ca and P in diets significantly increased with the increase of dietary full-fat soybean level, suggesting the high availability of phosphorus in monocalcium phosphate.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.192-199
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• 2000

Eight crossbred barrows (four growing and four finishing pigs with average initial BW of 40 and 82 kg, respectively) were fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum and used in a 36 d metabolism experiment ($4{\times}4$ Latin squares) to determine the effects of roasting and extruding full-fat soybeans on nutrient utilization. Treatments were: 1) soybean meal; 2) roasted soybeans; 3) extruded soybeans; and 4) soybeans extruded with an extrusion enhancer (sodium sulfite). The control diet was corn starch-based with 0.90% lysine, 0.65% Ca and 0.55% P for the growing pigs and 0.75% lysine, 0.55% Ca and 0.45% P for the finishing pigs. For the growing pigs, apparent total tract digestibilities of DM (p<0.04) and GE (p<0.008) were greater for soybean meal than full-fat soy products. However, ileal digestibilities of DM, GE, N and most amino acids were, in general, greatest for extruded soybeans and lowest for roasted soybeans, with soybean meal intermediate. For finishing pigs, trends in digestibilities of nutrients were very similar to those for the growing pigs. Total tract digestibilities of DM (p<0.03) and GE (p<0.001) for soybean meal were greater than for the full-fat soy products and ileal digestibilities of DM, GE, N and most amino acids were greater for the extruded soybeans than for the roasted soybeans. In conclusion, nutrient digestibilities and availabilities of indispensable amino acids tended to be greatest in extruded soybeans, intermediate in soybean meal and lowest in roasted soybeans for growing and finishing pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.89-95
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• 1995

The efficient use as a protein source for poultry of full fat soybean (FFSB) treated under various processes, i. e. steaming under pressure 40 lbs/sq. inch for 5, 10 or 15 minutes or roasting in a baking oven at $180^{\circ}C$ for 20, 30 or 40 minutes or extruding was compared with that of soybean meal. Eight hundred straight run broiler chicks (AA 707) were randomly allotted into 8 treatments of 4 replicates, fed with, rations containing either kind of the above mentioned FFSB for 6 weeks (Wks 1-7). The protein content of the diets for chicks during 1-3, 3-6 and 6-7 weeks of age was 21, 19 and 17% respectively. The result revealed that steaming can destroy 76-92% of the trypsin inhibitor activity (TlA) in soybean, particularly that at 15 minutes, while roasting can get rid of only 13-28% TlA. Chicks fed roasted FFSB had an enlarged pancreas and showed inferior performances to the steaming and the extrusion products. Steaming should be at least 10-15 minutes in order to obtain the comparable performances to those of the extrusion or of the soybean meal. The extruded FFSB showed the best feed conversion ratio. This might be due to the very fine particle of the product.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.1251-1257
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• 1999

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of roasting and extrusion on nutritional value of conventional and low-inhibitor soy beans for nurser-age pigs. In Exp. 1, 100 weaning pigs (7.5 kg average initial BW) were used in a 35-d growth assay to determine the effects of processing method (roasting in a Rast-A-Tron$^{TM}$ raster vs extrusion in an Insta-Pro$^{TM}$ extruder) on the nutritional value of Williams 82 soybeans with (+K) and without (-K) gene expression for the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor. Treatments were 48% soybean meal with added soybean oil, +K roasted, +K extruded, -K roasted and -K extruded. All diets were formulated to contain 3.5 Mcal DE/kg, with 0.92% lysine for d 0 to 14 and 0.76% lysine for d 14 to 35 of the experiment. The lysine concentrations were 80% of NRC (1988) recommendations to accentuate difference in response to protein quality and lysine availability. For d 0 to 14, pigs fed extruded soybeans (+K and -K) had greater ADG (p<0.001), ADFI (p<0.09) and gain/feed (p<0.01) than pigs fed roasted soybeans. For d 14 to 35 and overall, the same effects were noted, i.e., pigs fed extruded soybeans had greater ADG, ADFI and gain/feed than pigs fed roasted soybeans (p<0.03). Also, pigs fed -K soybeans were more efficient (p<0.008) than pigs fed +K soybeans. In Exp. 2, 150 weanling pigs (7.0 kg average initial BW) were used in a 35-d growth assay. All diets were formulated to contain 3.5 Mcal DE/kg, with 1.25% lysine for d 0 to 14 and 1.10% lysine for d 14 to 35 of the experiment. The lysine concentrations were formulated to be in excess of NRC recommendation to determine if differences in nutritional value of the soybean preparations could be detected in protein-adequate diets. For d 0 to 14 (p<0.06), 14 to 35 (p<0.03) and 0 to 35 (p<0.02), pigs fed extruded soybeans had greater ADG and gain/feed than pigs fed roasted soybeans. Apparent digestibilities of DM, N and GE were greater for diets with extruded soybeans than diets with roasted soybeans and diets with soybean meal and soybean oil were intermediate. The response to extrusion processing was greater with -K than +K soybeans, with pigs fed extruded -K soybeans having the greatest growth performance and nutrient digestibilities and lowest skin-fold thickness of any treatment. In conclusion, extrusion yielded a full-fat soy product of greater nutritional value than roasting. Also, selection against genetic expression of the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor improved nutritional value of the resulting soybean preparations.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.587-594
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• 1995

In order to estimate the nutritive value of roasted full-fat soybean (FFS) in carp diet, growth performance and excretion of protein and phosphorus were examined using carps having mean body weight of 111 g. Growth trial was conducted for 4 weeks using the fishes fed 5 diets (Control, $F_{24}S_{13}$, $F_{16}S_{27}$, $F_8S_{40}$ and $F_0S_{56}$) containing 32%, 24%, 16%, 8% and 0% of fish meal (F) and 0%, 13%, 27%, 40% and 56% of full-fat soybean, respectively. A total of 800 fishes were allotted randomly by groups of 40 to 5 treatments with 4 replicates per treatment. Fishes were fed to station eight times daily. Feeding trial was conducted for 4 weeks. As dietary FFS increased from 0% to 56%, weight gain of fish decreased from 91 g to 39 g and feed conversion ratio increased from 1.06 to 1.95. Protein efficiency ratio (PER) was highest (2.35) in control group which had the highest protein intake, while PER significantly decreased with decrease in protein intake as dietary FFS level increased. Although dietary protein and energy levels were maintained constant, protein excretion per kg weight gain varied from 273 g to 579 g for the groups control and $F_0S_{56}$, respectively. However, the value for control group was not significantly different to those for the groups $F_{24}S_{13}$ and $F_{16}S_{27}$. On the other hand, the highest protein retention efficiency was found in group fed the diet $F_{24}S_{13}$. Fish fed the diet $F_8S_{40}$ excreted the lowest phosphorus (P) based on kg weight gain showing the highest P retention efficiency of 62%. P excretion per kg feed intake was in the range of 5 g to 10 g for the groups $F_8S_{40}$ and $F_{24}S_{13}$, respectively. The present results indicated that as dietary FFS level increased, growth performance and feed utilization decreased while excretion of protein and phosphorus increased. Therefore, it was concluded that more than 25% substitution by FFS for fish meal could exert negative effects on growth and feed utilization of carp.