• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.15-31
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• 2022

The Green Purification Unit System (GPUS) is a green infrastructure facility applicable to the roadside to reduce particulate matter from road traffic. This study introduces two types of GPUS (type1 and type2) and assesses the performance and maintenance costs of each of them. The GPUS's performance analysis used the data collected in November 2021 after the installation of the GPUS type1 and type2 at the study site in Suwon. The changes in the particulate matter concentration near the GPUS were measured. The maintenance cost of GPUS type1 and type2 was assessed by calculating the initial installation cost and the management and repair cost after installation. The results of the performance analysis showed that the GPUS type1, which was manufactured by combining plants and electric dust collectors, had a superior particulate matter reduction performance. In particular, type1 produced a greater effect of particulate matter reduction in the time with a high concentration (50㎍/m³ or higher) of particulate matter due to the operation of electric dust collectors. GPUS type2, which was designed in the form of a plant wall without applying an electric dust collector, showed lower reduction performance than type1 but showed sufficiently improved performance compared to the existing band green area. Meanwhile, the GPUS type1 had three times higher costs for the initial installation than GPUS type2. In terms of costs for managing and repairing, it was evaluated that type1 would be slightly more costly than type2. Finally, this study discussed the applicability of two types of GPUS based on the result of the analysis of their particulate matter performance and maintenance cost at the same time. Since GPUS type2 has a cheaper cost than type1, it could be more economical. However, in the area suffering a high concentration of particulate matter, GPUS type1 would be more effective than type2. Therefore, the choice of GPUS types should rely on the status of particulate matter concentration in the area where GPUS is being installed.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.253-273
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• 2022

Automated vehicles rely on information collected through sensors to drive. Therefore, the uncertainty of the information collected from a sensor is an important to address. To this end, research is conducted in the field of road and traffic to solve the uncertainty of these sensors through infrastructure or facilities. Therefore, this study developed a traffic cone that can maintaing the gaze guidance function in the construction site by securing sufficient LiDAR detection performance even in rainy conditions and verified its improvement effect through demonstration. Two types of cones were manufactured, a cross-type and a flat-type, to increase the reflective performance compared to an existing cone. The demonstration confirms that the flat-type traffic cone has better detection performance than an existing cone, even in 50 mm/h rainfall, which affects a driver's field of vision. In addition, it was confirmed that the detection level on a clear day was maintained at the 20 mm/h rain for both cones. In the future, improvement measures should be developed so that the traffic cones, that can improve the safety of automated driving, can be applied.

• The Journal of Bigdata
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.15-27
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• 2022

In the past five years, the fatality rate of single-vehicle accidents has been 4.7 times higher than that of all accidents, so it is necessary to establish a system that can detect and respond to single-vehicle accidents immediately. The IoT(Internet of Thing)-based real-time traffic accident recognition system proposed in this study is as following. By attaching an IoT sensor which detects the impact and vehicle ingress to the guardrail, when an impact occurs to the guardrail, the image of the accident site is analyzed through artificial intelligence technology and transmitted to a rescue organization to perform quick rescue operations to damage minimization. An IoT sensor module that recognizes vehicles entering the monitoring area and detects the impact of a guardrail and an AI-based object detection module based on vehicle image data learning were implemented. In addition, a monitoring and operation module that imanages sensor information and image data in integrate was also implemented. For the validation of the system, it was confirmed that the target values were all met by measuring the shock detection transmission speed, the object detection accuracy of vehicles and people, and the sensor failure detection accuracy. In the future, we plan to apply it to actual roads to verify the validity using real data and to commercialize it. This system will contribute to improving road safety.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.74-91
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• 2023

Several that analyzed the effectiveness of traffic safety facilities a method of comparing changes in the number of accidents, accident severity, speed through traffic accident data before and after installation or speed data collected from vehicle detection systems (VDS). , when traffic accident data is used, it takes a long time to collect because must be collected for at least one year before and after installation. , the road environment may change during this period, such as the addition of other traffic safety facilities in addition to the facilities to be analyzed. , the location of the VDSs for speed data is often different from the location where analysis is required, and there is a problem in that the investigators are exposed to the risk of traffic accident during on-site investigation. Therefore, this study a case study by establishing a methodology to determine effectiveness video images with a drone, extracting data using a program, and comparing vehicle driving speeds before and after speed reduction facilities. Vehicle speed surveys using drones are much safer than observational surveys conducted on highways and have the advantage of tracking speed changes along the vehicle, it is expected that they will be used for various traffic surveys in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.77-84
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• 2024

Aging and damaged underground utilities cause cavity and ground subsidence under roads, which can cause economic losses and risk user safety. This study used infrared cameras to assess the thermal characteristics of such cavities and evaluate their reliability using a CNN algorithm. PVC pipes were embedded at various depths in a test site measuring 400 cm × 50 cm × 40 cm. Concrete blocks were used to simulate road surfaces, and measurements were taken from 4 PM to noon the following day. The initial temperatures measured by the infrared camera were 43.7℃, 43.8℃, and 41.9℃, reflecting atmospheric temperature changes during the measurement period. The RP algorithm generates images in four resolutions, i.e., 10,000 × 10,000, 2,000 × 2,000, 1,000 × 1,000, and 100 × 100 pixels. The accuracy of the CNN model using RP images as input was 99%, 97%, 98%, and 96%, respectively. These results represent a considerable improvement over the 73% accuracy obtained using time-series images, with an improvement greater than 20% when using the RP algorithm-based inputs.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.105-113
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• 2024

Underground buried cables can cause disconnections during the construction of roads and other subterranean structures due to uncertain designs. This paper describes experiments conducted to detect and verify the locations of these cables utilizing ground penetrating radar (GPR). The experiments were carried out at an active road construction site, where cable burial was anticipated. The GPR used operated within a frequency range of 400 MHz to 900 MHz to probe underground structures. The exploration methodology consisted of an initial GPR test to survey the entire area, followed by a secondary test informed by the results of the initial experiment, incorporating a diverse and increased number of lines. The findings confirmed the hyperbolic reflection patterns of cables at consistent locations along the same lines. These patterns were then compared to existing designs to corroborate the presence of cables at the identified locations. This research establishes an effective GPR methodology based on the electromagnetic wave reflection pattern, specifically the hyperbola, to detect difficult-to-locate underground buried cables.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.37-48
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• 2011

Some industrial minerals used in domestic industries such as monazite, apatite, bauxite, and ilmenite belong to NORM (Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials) because they show a high radioactivity. Products, semi-products, wastes, and by-products which show higher radioactivity than NORM belong to TENORM (Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials). Apatite used for manufacturing phosphate fertilizer in Namhae Chemical company belongs to NORM, and its by-product, phospo-gypsum, belongs to TENORM. A geological investigation is needed for the future environmental impact assessment of the Namhae Chemical company's site. According to survey results of the Namhae Chemical company's site, soil mineral composition indicated the mixture of minerals derived from the country rock (quartz, feldspar, mica, $l4{\AA}$ mineral, kaolin and amphibole) and minerals from the gypsum open-air storage yard (gypsum and apatite). Soil samples showed average content of U 4.6 ppm and Th 10 ppm, which are similar to average crustal abundances. They also show average contents of $^{40}K$ 191-1,166 Bq/kg, $^{226}Ra$ 15.6-710 Bq/kg, and $^{232}Th$ 17.4-72.7 Bq/kg, which indicate moderate levels of radio nuclide. But $^{226}Ra$ anomaly in the gypsum open storage yard is clearly confirmed and $^{232}Th$ anomaly is also confirmed in the east road side of the factory and nearby mountain areas. Soil external hazard indices ranged 0.24-2.01 with the average 0.54. Although most external hazard indices were lower than 1, which means radiation hazard index to be negligible, 5 samples out of total 40 samples showed higher values than 1, and further detailed investigation is needed.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.29-38
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• 2010

A moat is a pond or waterway paved on the outside of a fortress that is one of the facilities to prevent enemy from approaching the fortress wall or classify it as the boundary space, and this study was undertaken to find out the characteristics of the moat that was existed in the East and the West from ancient time to medieval time with the following result. First, the moat in the East was installed of natural moat and artificial moat at the same time while the moat in the West had the fortress built in naturally advantageous site to use natural most substantially more. Second, the moats of Korea were smaller in scale compared to other countries (Japan, China and the Western countries). Third, the fortresses in the East were built to protect towns or royal palace while the West had the fortress to protect the residence of kings, lords, great wealthy persons and the like, and they were used jointly with the natural moat and artificial moat to defend against the infiltration of enemy. Fourth, the Pungsujiri in the Orient is one of the numerous ideologies forming the supplementary ideologic system of Korean people that could not be denied as the perception that influences on Korean people after the Silla Dynasty, and this Pungsujiri was considered when determining the location of the castle. The moat surrounding the castle had the role to keep the good energy in the castle from escaping away. Fifth, the Ha-Ha technique in the west was designed to prevent the external power from infiltration by digging the ditch on the place applicable to the boundary of the garden site, rather than the fence. While walking around along the water-side path without knowing the existence of this ditch, when the road is discovered with the cut off in the ditch, people had the exclamation without actually recognizing such astonishment. It was originally the dike for military purpose during the medieval time that was designed to look into the garden without physical boundary surrounded with the vertical fence in the garden that by having the deep ditch like shape on the boundary line of the garden which was designed to form the farm by preventing various types of cattle from coming inside the garden and bring in the garden element for farms, forestry, agricultural land and the like.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.77-91
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• 2015

This study aims to suggest adequate soil management through the analysis of physicochemical properties of soil in the planting grounds of Incheon International Airport, which was constructed on a massive land reclamation site. Study areas were 5 sites at the international business complex, the passenger terminal, the airport support complex, the free trade zone, and the access road. Soil profile analysis showed that 9 plots out of the 27 plots were hardpan and heterospere within 80cm from the soil surface. The earth laid on the ground was categorized as gravel based soil(4 plots), dredged soil from the sea bottom and mixed reclamation materials(2 plots), clay with poor permeability(3 plots) and waste construction material(1 plot). Average soil hardness was $11.5kg/cm^2$ and soil textures were sandy soil, sandy loam and loamy sand. Average soil pH was 6.7 and average organic matter content was 0.7%. Electrical conductivity was 0.0dS/m and exchangeable cation concentrations were $Ca^{2+}$ 3.4cmol/kg, $Mg^{2+}$ 1.5cmol/kg, $K^+$ 0.3cmol/kg and $Na^+$ 1.0cmol/kg. Average cation exchange capacity was 11.0cmol/kg. Although average figures in Solum mostly meet the landscape design criteria, properties of each soil layer showed various values sometimes over the limit. Base saturations were $Ca^{2+}$ 29.9%, $Mg^{2+}$ 13.3% and $K^+$ 3.7% for lower soil, $Ca^{2+}$ 33.3%, $Mg^{2+}$ 17.0% and $K^+$ 2.7% for mid-soil and $Ca^{2+}$ 32.6%, $Mg^{2+}$ 12.2% and $K^+$ 1.9% for upper soil. Exchangeable sodium percentages were 16.4% for lower soil, 7.5% for mid-soil and 4.7% upper soil. Sodium adsorption rates were 0.8 for lower soil, 0.3 for mid-soil and 0.2 for upper soil. Factors affecting to the vegetation growth were heterogeneity and poorness of solum, disturbance of dredged soils, high soil hardness including hardpan in the subsurface soil layer and shallow effective soil depth, high soil acidity, imbalance of base contents, low organic matter content and low available phosphate levels in the soil.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.459-473
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• 2012

This study evaluated the rainfall-runoff characteristics of Non-point Pollution Source (NPS) of the impervious area through on-site monitoring. In this study, trend analysis was performed by various runoff analysis method of non-point pollution source. The characteristics of rainfall at impervious area appeared to be influenced by rainfall strength. It is judged that the measure is required to be prepared against that now that concentration difference of non-point pollution source appeared to be big by precedent number of days of no rainfall. However, it appeared that Rainfall Sustaining Time (RST) has nothing to do with effluent concentration of non-point pollution source, however, the rising tendency that effluent concentration did not appear because the tendency that concentration of non-point pollution source reduces more than 50% within initial 60 min due to first flushing effects and rainfall sustaining time is long. If looking into the outflow tendency of non-point pollution source at the impervious area, it showed the tendency that the concentration lowers gradually as time goes by after initial concentration appeared very high. However, it could be recognized that the concentration of non-point pollution source appeared to be high as the pollutants integrated on the surface of the road during dry season. The Event Mean Concentrations (EMCs) in impervious area were ranged $9.2{\sim}199.3mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ for TSS, $8.1{\sim}24.2mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ for $COD_{Mn}$, $0.070{\sim}1.860mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ for T-N. Based on such runoff characteristics of non-point pollution source, it is judged that it would be desirable to process initial rain efficiently as the measure against initial rain phenomenon at the impervious area.