• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.115-125
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• 2014

In this study, particle composition data for $PM_{10}$ samples were collected every 3 days at Seoul, Korea from August 2006 to November 2007, and were analyzed to provide source identification and apportionment. A total of 164 samples were collected and 21 species (15 inorganic species, 4 ionic species, OC, and EC) were analyzed by particle-induced x-ray emission, ion chromatography, and thermal optical transmittance methods. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was used to develop source profiles and to estimate their mass contributions. The PMF modeling identified nine sources and the average mass was apportioned to secondary nitrate (9.3%), motor vehicle (16.6%), road salt (5.8%), industry (4.9%), airborne soil (17.2 %), aged sea salt (6.2%), field burning (6.0%), secondary sulfate (16.2%), and road dust (17.7%), respectively. The nonparametric regression (NPR) analysis was used to help identify local source in the vicinity of the sampling area. These results suggest the possible strategy to maintain and manage the ambient air quality of Seoul.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.49-55
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• 2009

The present study analyses the effect of land use on the vegetation of some desert ecosystems in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (UAE). Three sites were selected to represent different types of land use, inside Umm Al-Banadeq forest, outside the forest and along Abu Dhabi-Al Ain Trucks Road. In total, fifty-two stands were examined; including a matrix of 14 species ${\times}$ 52 stands. Based on species cover data, stands were classified using TWINSPAN and ordinated using DCA. Four vegetation groups were generated at level three of classification. Zygophyllum mandavillei was dominant in most vegetation groups; Heliotropium bacciferum dominated vegetation groups inhabited the forest. Species richness, species turnover, relative evenness and relative concentration of dominance of forest vegetation groups were 2.8, 5.7, 0.7, and 2.0, respectively. The differences were attributed to both natural variability and forestry-induced changes, including change in land use, drainage and ploughing and shading by trees. Vegetation group inhabited Abu Dhabi-Al Ain Trucks Road, that were dominated by Haloxylon salicornicum and Zygophyllum mandavillei have high total cover (8.8 m per $m^{-1}$). Most community and vegetation attributes were significantly higher inside the forest than outside. Human interventions and environmental factors affected species diversity and abundance of these communities.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.123-134
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• 2013

Strengthening vehicle emission regulation is one of important policies to improve air quality in urban area. Due to the limitation of specified driving cycles for certification test to reflect real driving conditions, additional off-cycle emission regulations have been adopted in US and being developed in Europe. The driving cycles of US or Europe have been used in emission certification for Korean light-duty vehicles, but it has not been known how well the driving cycles reflect various real driving patterns in Korea. In that point of view, it is required to estimate vehicle emission based on real road driving conditions to raise the effectiveness of vehicle emission regulation in Korea. In this study, real driving emission measurements have been conducted for three Korean light-duty vehicles with PEMS. The driving routes consisted of urban, rural and motorway in Seoul and Incheon. The data have been analyzed with various averaging methods including moving averaging windows method and compared to emission limits set with emission certification modes applied to tested vehicles. The results have shown that the real driving pollutant emissions of a gasoline and a LPG vehicles have been ranged quite lower than those of emission limits on CVS-75 driving cycle. But real driving NOx of a light duty diesel vehicle has been considerably higher than emission limit of NEDC driving cycle. The higher than expected NOx emission of a diesel vehicle might be caused by different strategy to control EGR in real driving condition from NEDC driving.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.184-191
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• 2008

Long term monitoring was conducted to investigate a surface runoff of pollution from urban highway. The monitoring data was collected for 18 rainfall events and was used to correlate pollution load to various parameters, such as rainfall intensity, antecedent dry days and total discharge flow. Runoff coefficient and seasonal variation were also evaluated. The mean runoff coefficient of the highway was 0.823(range; $0.4687{\sim}0.9884$), and wash-off ratio for $COD_{Mn}$ and SS loads was 72.6% and 64.3%, respectively. For the initial rainfall event, the runoff EMC of $COD_{Mn}$ was high in summer and the EMC of SS was high in autumn season. However the seasonal variation of T-N and T-P was not significant. The discharged $COD_{Mn}$-EMC was $147.6\;mg/L{\sim}9.0\;mg/L$ on the generated $COD_{Mn}$-EMC of $98.8\;mg/L{\sim}8.9\;mg/L$. While the generated EMC of SS was in $285.7\;mg/L{\sim}20.0\;mg/L$ and its discharged EMC was in $190.4\;mg/L{\sim}8.0\;mg/L$. EMC of pollutants was not directly related to the first flush rainfall intensity and the antecedent dry days. But the correlation was relatively high between EMC and cumulative runoff flow volume. The trend of EMC was reduced with the cumulative runoff flow volume.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.411-419
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• 2003

The assessment of environmental impact on NO$_2$ (or TSP) emitted by vehicles is important for local residents from the point of view of their health and environmental protection. In the course of field investigations, correct concentrations are measured and meteorological data are observed for numerical simulation. To determine background concentration for numerical simulation, annual average concentrations of NO$_2$ (or TSP) are estimated using the Puff-Plume model. If the estimated result affects the environment, it must be considered in the environmental conservation activity. To make the process of a estimation of environmental assessment more easily, this system is developed. Moreover, this system was supplied a Graphic User Interface (GH) for the user who calculated the concentration of air pollution exhausted from the traffic on general roads except special roads such as interchanges and entrances to tunnels. This system can offer not only the numerical result but also a graphic display. Even a beginner who is not a professional programmer can calculate the result easily.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.217-225
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• 2003

Samples of size-fractionated PM10 (airborne particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than $10\mu\textrm{m}$) were collected at an urban site in Jeju city from May to September 2002. The mass concentration and chemical composition of the samples were measured. The data sets were then applied to the CMB receptor model to estimate the source contribution of PM10 in Jeju area. The average PM10 mass concentration was 28.80$\mu\textrm{g}/m^3$ ($24.6~33.49\mu\textrm{g}/m^3$), and the FP (fine particle with aerodynamic diameter less than $2.l\mu\textrm{m}$ fraction in PM10 was approximately 8% higher than the CP (coarse particle with aerodynamic diameter greater than $2.l\mu\textrm{m}$ and less than $10\mu\textrm{m}$ fraction in PM10. The CP composition was obviously different from the FP composition, that is, the most abundant water soluble species was nitrate ion in the FP, but sulfate ion in the CP. Also sulfur was the most dominant element in the FP, however, sodium was that in the CP. From CMB receptor model results, it was found that road dust was the largest contributor to the CP mass concentration (45% of the CP) and ammonium nitrate, domestic boiler, and marine aerosol were major sources to the CP mass. However, the secondary aerosol was the most significant contributor to the FP mass concentration (45% of the FP). In this study, it was suggested that the contributions of soil dust and gasoline vehicle became very low due to collinearity with road dust and diesel vehicle, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.23 no.6 s.183
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• pp.72-80
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• 2006

Electric Power Steering (EPS) mechanism has become widely equipped in passenger vehicle due to the increasing environmental concerns and higher fuel efficiency. This paper describes the development of concurrent simulation technique and simulation integration technique of EPS control system with a dynamic vehicle system. A full vehicle model interacting with EPS control algorithm was concurrently simulated on a single bump road condition. The dynamic responses of vehicle chassis and steering system resulting from road surface impact were evaluated and compared with proving ground experimental data. The comparisons show reasonable agreement on tie-rod load, rack displacement, steering wheel torque and tire center acceleration. This concurrent simulation capability was employed fur EPS performance evaluation and calibration as well as for vehicle handling performance integration and synthesis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2003.06a
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• pp.472-475
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• 2003

Electric Power Steering (EPS) mechanism has become widely equipped in passenger vehicle due to the environmental consciousness and higher fuel efficiency. This paper describes the development of co-simulation technique and simulation integration technique of EPS control system with dynamic vehicle model. A full vehicle model interacted with EPS control algorithm is concurrently simulated on a single bump road condition. Dynamic responses of vehicle chassis and steering system resulting from road surface impact are evaluated and compared with proving ground experimental data. The comparisons will show reasonable agreement on tie-rod load. rack displacement, handle-wheel torque and tire center acceleration. This developed simulation capability can be used for EPS performance evaluation and calibration as well as for vehicle handling performance integration and synthesis.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.13 no.3 s.33
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• pp.69-77
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• 2005

Most of the evaluations of environmental effect of construction of road do not run parallel with the evaluation of the propriety of the business, but it just reviews how to reduce contamination before the beginning of the construction work. This reveals the limitation of the induction of environment friendly development from the fundamental. In this study, a function of GIS spatial analysis for 9 elements of pre-evaluation of environmental effect has been introduced, and a GIS decision making system for environmental effect of a road has been established for an integrated evaluation by using individual evaluation result. By using GIS decision making system for pre-evaluation of environmental effect that has been developed in this study and the GIS data that has been collected, it would be possible to decrease time and money for evaluation as well as fulfill the requirement of objectivity. Therefore, it would be possible to apply for pre-evaluation of environmental effect when deciding on the route of the road at the beginning stage of the construction work. Also, through the system developed in this study, the construction body could easily induce a mutual agreement with the residents by the visual evaluation material, which might result in an evaluation of environmental effect while decreasing time and money at the beginning stage of the construction.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.190-200
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• 2023

Background: Gunsan has been constantly affected by pollutants generated by the Saemangeum development and the construction industry since the completion of the Saemangeum seawall on April 27, 2010. However, there are limitations to its study, such as taking into consideration weather conditions, geographical factors, and foreign inflows. Objectives: In this study, we compared the Existing-CAPSS emissions of Gunsan with Recalculated-CAPSS emissions data to analyze the differences in emissions characteristics by year (2016~2019). Methods: Using Existing data on CAPSS emissions (2016~2019) and Recalculated-CAPSS emissions (2016~2019) for Gunsan, which were Recalculated following the improvement of emissions calculations for 2020, we organized CO, NO_X, SO_X, PM₁₀, VOC_S, and NH₃ emissions by substance and investigated the differences and characteristics of the Recalculated emissions by year. Results: For Re-CO and Re-PM₁₀, the emission characteristics of CO were examined as energy industry combustion and PM₁₀ emission characteristics were examined as ship cargo from non-road transportation sources, as ship leisure sources were excluded from non-road transportation source emissions. Conclusions: Comparing the emissions of Existing-CAPSS and Recalculated-CAPSS in Gunsan, the emissions of Recalculated-CAPSS by substance decreased by 39.76% for CO, 9.98% for PM₁₀, 5.53% for VOC_S, and 9.24% for NH₃, while Re-NO_X increased by 2.86% and Re-SO_X increased by 1.97%. On the other hand, when comparing the emissions characteristics of Existing-CAPSS and Recalculated-CAPSS in Gunsan, Jeonju, and Iksan, the emission characteristics of Re-NO_X, Re-SO_X, Re-VOC_S and Re-NH₃ were similar to those of Ex-NO_X, Ex-SO_X, Ex-VOC_S, and Ex-NH₃. As such, Gunsan, Iksan, and Jeonju, showed differences in the comparison of different emission characteristics due to the geographical characteristics of the region (population, area, topography, weather factors) and the characteristics of the industrial complex (metal, petrochemical).