• 정보화정책
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.3-23
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• 2011

정보사회의 도래로 인해 정보의 효율적인 사용과 어느 곳에서든지 필요한 정보를 상시 사용 가능하다는 긍정적인 면도 있지만 개인정보의 보호문제라는 새로운 과제가 발생하였다. 지난 20년간 법학계에서는 이러한 문제를 해결하고 개인정보를 보호하기 위한 정보인권의 연구가 활발하게 진행되었는데, 이에 관해서는 매우 다양한 관점과 이론이 제시되었다. 정보인권은 우선 개인정보시스템의 안정성에 관한 인권, 인격권, 자기정보통제권, 정보접근권, 알 권리로 유형화할 수 있다. 본 연구는 정보인권에 관한 과거의 연구들을 분석하여 정보인권을 유형화하고, 지난 연구들의 시대적 특성과 흐름을 알아보고자 한다. 이러한 연구를 위해 지난 연구논문들과 학위논문 등 200개의 성과물을 분석하였고, 이를 통해 체계 있는 정보인권연구를 위한 방향을 제시하고자 한다. 이를 통해 본 연구는 향후 정보인권에 관한 보다 실효적인 연구에 도움이 될 것이다.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.69-79
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• 2023

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the involvement of patients who died from hematologic neoplasms in the decision-making process surrounding the withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment (LST). Methods: A total of 255 patients diagnosed with hematologic neoplasms who ultimately died following decisions related to LST during their end-of-life period at a university hospital were included in the study. Data were retrospectively obtained from electronic medical records and analyzed utilizing the chi-square test, independent t-test, and logistic regression. Results: In total, 42.0% of patients participated in the decision-making process regarding LST for their hematologic neoplasms, while 58.0% of decisions were made with family involvement. Among these patients, 65.1% died in general wards and 34.9% in intensive care units (ICUs) as a result of decisions such as the suspension of LST. The period from the LST decision to death was longer when the decision was made by the patient (average, 27.15 days) than when it was made by the family (average, 7.48 days). Most decisions were made by doctors and family members in the ICU, where only 20.6% of patients exercised their right to make decisions regarding LST, a rate considerably lower than 79.4% observed in general wards. Decisions to withhold or withdraw LST were more commonly made by patients themselves than by their families. Conclusion: The key to discussing the decision to suspend hospice care and LST is respecting the patient's self-determination. If a patient is lucid prior to admission to the ICU, considerations about suspending LST should involve the patient input.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2022

The Act on Decisions on Life-Sustaining Treatment has been in effect since 2018 for end-of-life patients. However, only 20~25% of deaths of terminally ill patients comply with the law, while the remaining 75~80% do not. There is significant confusion in how the law distinguishes between those in the terminal stage and those in the dying process. These 2 stages can be hard to distinguish, and they should be understood as a single unified "terminal stage." The number of medical institutions eligible for life-sustaining treatment decisions should be legally expanded to properly reflect patients' wishes. To prevent unnecessary suffering resulting from futile life-sustaining treatment, life-sustaining treatment decisions for terminal patients without the needed familial relationships should be permitted and made by hospital ethics committees. Adult patients should be permitted to assign a legal representative appointed in advance to represent them. Medical records can be substituted for a patient's judgment letter (No. 9) and an implementation letter (No. 13) for the decision to suspend life-sustaining treatment. Forms 1, 10, 11, and 12 should be combined into a single form. The purpose of the Life-sustaining Medical Decisions Act is to respect patients' right to self-determination and protect their best interests. Issues related to the act that have emerged in the 3 years since its implementation must be analyzed, and a plan should be devised to improve upon its shortcomings.

• 한국응급구조학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.7-15
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of our study was to introduce an oath and ethics code for emergency medical technicians (EMTs). Methods: The proposed oath and ethics code for the EMTs was evaluated using a modified Delphi technique. This oath and ethics code was presented at Korean association of emergency medical technician conference and was revised by experts in emergency medical services. Results: We examined the ethics codes for other allied healthcare professionals regarding the topics of human rights, health promotion, acting as an advocate, ethics, cooperation, observance, human rights, right to know, self-determination, confidentiality, and professionalism. These elements are reflected in our proposed oath and ethics code for EMTs. Conclusion: The proposed oath and ethics code would raise the professional status of EMTs.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 2018

Smokers keep smoking despite knowing that tobacco claims many lives, including their own and others'. What makes it hard for them to quit smoking nonetheless? Tobacco companies insist that smokers choose to smoke, according to their right to self-determination. Moreover, they insist that with motivation and willpower to quit smoking, smokers can easily stop smoking. Against this backdrop, this paper aims to discuss the addictive disease called tobacco use disorder, with an assessment of the addictiveness of tobacco and the reasons why smoking cessation is challenging, based on neuroscientific research. Nicotine that enters the body via smoking is rapidly transmitted to the central nervous system and causes various effects, including an arousal response. The changes in the nicotine receptors in the brain due to continuous smoking lead to addiction symptoms such as tolerance, craving, and withdrawal. Compared with other addictive substances, including alcohol and opioids, tobacco is more likely to cause dependence in smokers, and smokers are less likely to recover from their dependence. Moreover, the thinning of the cerebral cortex and the decrease in cognitive functions that occur with aging accelerate with smoking. Such changes occur in the structure and functions of the brain in proportion to the amount and period of smoking. In particular, abnormalities in the neural circuits that control cognition and decision-making cause loss of the ability to exert self-control and autonomy. This initiates nicotine dependence and the continuation of addictive behaviors. Therefore, smoking is considered to be a behavior that is repeated due to dependence on an addictive substance, nicotine, instead of one's choice by free will.

• 의료법학
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.3-32
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• 2020

판례는 의사의 위험설명의무 위반에 대하여 그것과 환자의 동의 사이의 인과관계가 불분명한 때에는 위자료를 지급할 의무를 지우고, 인과관계가 증명되는 경우에는 민사상 전손해배상, 형사상 업무상과실치사상의 책임을 묻는다. 그러나 어느 경우든 설명하지 아니한 위험이 실현될 것을 요구한다. 그 결과 대부분의 사안에서 위자료책임이 인정되었는데, 이는 위험설명의 대상이 되는 위험을 매우 넓게 인정하는 또 다른 판례와 결합하여 의료과오가 증명되지 아니할 때 우회적·간접적으로 일정 부분 배상을 확보하는 사실상의 기능을 갖는다. 그러나 의사의 설명의무가 의료문화로 정착해가면 갈수록 설명의무 위반이 줄어들고 그 결과 어쩌다 우연적으로 약간의 배상을 제공하는 외에는 오히려 설명대화를 위험의 형식적 나열로 변질시키는 부작용이 두드러지게 된다. 본래 설명의무는 환자의 자기결정을 돕기 위한 것이므로 발생한 악결과가 설명의무 위반에 귀속되는지 여부도 환자의 구체적 자기결정과정을 고려하여 가려야 한다. 즉, 환자가 특정 위험에 대하여 특별한 선호를 갖고 있는 경우에는 그 위험이 제대로 설명되었는지, 그리고 제대로 설명되지 아니한 바로 그 위험이 실현되었는지를 보아 그것이 인정되는 경우 전손해배상을 인정함이 옳고, 그 이외의 경우, 특히 환자가 전체적으로 자신이 감수하는 수준의 위험과 기대효과에 노출된 것인지에만 관심을 갖는 경우에는 개개의 위험의 설명 여부나 그 실현 여부를 문제 삼지 아니하는 것이 옳다. 뒤의 경우 세부사항을 설명하지 아니하였는데 그 위험이 실현되었다 하여 인과관계와 귀속관련을 고려하지 아니한 채위자료 상당의 책임을 인정하는 것은 정당화되기 어렵다. 이러한 점은 형사법에서 피해자 승낙에 의한 위법성조각에도 타당하다. 이 경우 이른바 가정적 승낙은 위법성조각사유로서 동의의 요건 자체에 흡수되고 독자적인 항변이 되지 아니하는 것이다.

• 지능정보연구
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.29-43
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• 2022

데이터 경제는 현대 사회에서 디지털 혁신과 함께 빠르게 성장하고 있다. 기업은 다양한 유형의 데이터를 수집·활용하여 새로운 수익을 창출하길 희망하고, 개인정보를 포함한 데이터의 가치는 더욱 높아지고 있다. 하지만 데이터 산업 정책에 대한 연구 중 정보 주체에 대한 논의는 부족한 상황이다. 개인정보는 보호 가치를 넘어서 높은 유용성을 가지고 있다. 이러한 관점에서 데이터 신탁제도는 개인정보의 안전한 활용을 위한 좋은 해결책이다. 데이터 신탁을 활용한 구글의 토론토 스마트시티 구축 사례, 일본의 정보은행 사례, 국내 최초의 데이터 배당을 시도한 경기도의 사례를 소개한다. 데이터 신탁 사례와 동향 파악을 통해 데이터 신탁 개념을 명확히 하고 제도 활성화에 필요한 기술적 요인을 추출하고 비즈니스 모델을 제안하고자 한다. 이를 시사점으로 하여 데이터 신탁제도를 통해 안전한 데이터의 활용과 새로운 서비스 시장 창출뿐만 아니라 새로운 데이터 경제를 구성하는데 크게 기여할 것으로 기대한다.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.101-125
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• 1997

Man pursues health as his basic right. Therefore, the government should try to preserve the right of the people's health and carry out the policy of medical treatment for that. But the system of our medical care is advantageous to the medical institutions, which produce medical goods each people buys and sells freely, more than to the maintenance and improvement of their health. That is to say, the first aim of the institution is not the healthy preservation of the people but their accumulation of riches. The medical conflicts are the social situation which is happening between those who produce medical treatment and the patients who consume it. Its behinning comes from the lack of belief by the inhuman relationship between patients and doctors. According to thelatest investigation, the patients of oriental clinics look more content than those who go to common hospitals. The reasons are as follows; fitness to one's physical constitution, the kind altitude of doctors and the view of oriental medicine toward human body. Though the content degreee is higher than western medicine, such conclusions result from the present condition the number of the patients is less. In short, the first, since the right of patients is higher and the fields make more variors and popular, the conflicts and mistakes go on increasing. The second, in their activity of treatment, the legal importance of atlention and explanatory obligation should be considered seriously so as not to break out medical mistakes. The third, in the center of technical books which are accepted by the academic world, the clinical exertion doing treatment is needful. The fourth, as the direct order of medical justification the self-determination of patients should be respected. The fifth, because the process and record of treatment become important in the time of emergency legally, the conversations and movements as well as the details of treatment must be recorded. The sixth, the academic effort about the settlement institution or the legal system is necessary.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.125-134
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• 2022

이 연구는 인문학적 관점에서 빅데이터를 활용하기 위해 현재 해결해야 할 과제는 무엇인지를 비판적으로 고찰하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 빅데이터를 활용함에 있어서 빅데이터를 수집할 때, 처리할 때, 그리고 사용할 때 발생할 수 있는 문제를 세 가지로 제시하고 논의하였다. 그 첫 번째로 데이터 자체의 문제점을 지닐 것으로 보이는 가짜 정보를 지적하고 기사형 광고와 정치 관련 가짜 뉴스를 살펴보았다. 두 번째는 빅데이터 처리과정과 그 결과의 문제점으로 알고리즘에 의한 차별을 들었다. 포털 사이트에서 엔지니어를 검색한 결과를 분석함으로써 알고리즘에 의한 차별이 존재함을 확인하였다. 마지막으로 사람과 관련한 개인 정보를 사용함에 있어서, 이에 대한 문제점을 프라이버시권, 정보자기결정권, 잊힐 권리 세 가지로 나누어 논의하였다. 이 연구는 빅데이터 시대에 인문학적 관점에서 빅데이터 활용 측면의 당면한 문제를 지적한 점과 빅데이터의 활용 과정인 수집, 처리, 사용에서 일어날 수 있는 문제점을 각각 논의한 점에서 의미가 있다고 본다.

• 대한기관윤리심의기구협의회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.16-22
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• 2022

Purpose: The traditional ethical study only suggests a blurred insight on the research using medical big data, especially in this rapid-changing and demanding environment which is called "4th Industry Revolution." Current institutional/ethical issues in big data research need to approach with the thoughtful insight of past ethical study reflecting the understanding of present conditions of this study. This study aims to examine the ethical issues that are emerging in recent health care big data research. So, this study aims to survey the public perceptions on of health care big data as part of the process of public discourse and the acceptance of the utility and provision of big data research as a subject of health care information. In addition, the emerging ethical challenges and how to comply with ethical principles in accordance with principles of the Belmont report will be discussed. Methods: Survey was conducted from June 3th August to 6th September 2020. The online survey was conducted through voluntary participation through Internet users. A total of 319 people who completed the survey (±5.49%P [95% confidence level] were analyzed. Results: In the area of the public's perspective, the survey showed that the medical information is useful for new medical development, but it is also necessary to obtain consents from subjects in order to use that medical information for various research purposes. In addition, many people were more concerned about the possibility of re-identifying personal information in medical big data. Therefore, they mentioned the necessity of transparency and privacy protection in the use of medical information. Conclusion: Big data on medical care is a core resource for the development of medicine directly related to human life, and it is necessary to open up medical data in order to realize the public good. But the ethical principles should not be overlooked. The right to self-determination must be guaranteed by means of clear, diverse consent or withdrawal of subjects, and processed in a lawful, fair and transparent manner in the processing of personal information. In addition, scientific and ethical validity of medical big data research is indispensable. Such ethical healthcare data is the only key that will lead to innovation in the future.