• Asia Marketing Journal
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.21-33
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• 2014

When the negative event is published, the company tends to go through the negative impact on the firm performance. Especially, with the SNS, the negative event is instantly spread on indefinite region so the impact seems bigger than the period before the SNS media appearance. It seems that everyone considers the SNS media impact on the firm performance quite big. However, there has been no empirical study on the impact comparison on the firm performance between pre and post SNS media occurrence periods. This study tries to empirically compare the impact of the negative event on the firm performance between pre and post SNS media appearance. Our study starts fromthe basic but not verified question; Does really the negative event have more negative impact in the post-SNS-occurrence period than in the pre-SNS-occurrence period? In order to examine the impact of the negative publicity on firm performance in two eras, pre and post SNS media appearance, we used CAR (Cumulative Abnormal Resturns) model. By using this model, we could verify the statistical significance of cumulative abnormal returns in market between before and after the events. For event samples, we focused on food manufacturers and collected the negative events from 1991 to 2003 for pre-SNS occurrence period, and from 2010 to 2013 for post-SNS occurrence period. Based on the listed food companies at KOSPI, we researched Naver News Library (newslibrary.naver.com) and Naver News (news.naver.com) for all the individual negative events published for both periods. Firm returns data were collected from TS 2000 (KOCO Info) and market portfolio data were collected from KRX Exchange. Through our empirical analysis, our finding is interesting to note that the type of events differently influences on the firm performance. With the SNS, the health-related events have influence on the firm performance 'after the event day' whereas the company behavior trust events have influence 'before the event day'. Our findings have implications for management. When a negative event directly related to or threatening customers or their life such as health, it is crucial to fix up the situation right after the event occurs. On the other hand, when a negative event is not publicly available information such as company behavior trust, it is important for marketers to strengthen the firms' trust reputation and control the bad WOM before the event.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.241-260
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• 1995

The Maori's traditional clothing materials, basic forms of dress, and the pattern and technique of tatoo were examined in the present study in order to deepen the appreciation of the cultural heritage of the Maori. The research method employed was the analysis of written materials. And a fild-trip was also made for the study. The study was limitted to the traditional culture of body adornment of the Maori including the clothing which is preserved and practicing by them at the present day, and the origin and the process of the historical development of those are not included in the scope of the present study. Followings are the results of the study: (1) By far the most widely used fiber for Maori clothing is abtained from what is commonly called New Zealand Flax. The fiber of kiekie(Freycinetia baueriana) and cabbage trees(Cordyline spp.) may also be used. The strong, long-lasting fiber of toi(cordyline indivisa) is used for a prestige warrior's cloak. Flat strips of ti kauka(Cordyline australi) are also used as thatch on rain cloaks. (2) Regardless of technique used, Maori weaving is always worked horizontally from left to right. Traditionally the work was suspended between two upright turuturu or weaving sticks. As the work progressed a second pair of uprights was used to keep the work off the ground. These uprights were moved forward as required. Because the weaver sat on the ground, the working edge was kept at a height that was comfortable to reach. No weaving tools are used, the wefts(aho) being manipulated by the fingers. The two main Maori weaving techniques are whatu aho patahi(single-pair twining) and whatu aho rua(double-pair twining). (3) The Maori wore two basic garments - a waist met and a cloak. The cloth of commoners were of plain manufacture, while those of people of rank were superior, sometimes being decorated with feather or dyed tags and decorated borders. Children ran more-or-less naked until puberty, being dressed only for special events. Some working dress consisted of nothing more than belts with leaves thrust under them. Chiefs and commoners usually went barefoot, using rough sandals on journeys over rough country (4) The adornment of men and women of rank was an important matter of tribal concern as it was in chiefly persons that prestige of the group was centred, The durable items of Maori persons adornment were either worn or carried. Ornaments of various kinds were draped about the neck or suspended from pierced earlobes. Combs decorated the head. Personal decorations not only enhanced the appearance of men and women, but many had protective magical function. The most evident personal ornament was the hei-tiki made of jade or other material. Maori weapons were treasured by their owners. They served on bottle and were also personal regalia. A man of rank was not fully dressed without a weapon in hand. Also weapons were essential to effective oratory. (5) No man or woman of rank went without some tattoo adornment except in extremely rare instances when a person was too sacred to have any blood shed. The untattooed were marked as beeing commoners of no social standing. This indelible mark of rank was begun, with appropriate rite and ritual, at puberty. And tattoo marked the person as being of a marriageable age. Maori tattoo was unlike most traditional tattoo in that its main line were 'engraved' on the face with deep cuts made by miniature bone chisels. The fill-in areas were not tattooed with cuts but with the multiple pricks of small bone 'combs' that only lightly penetrated the skin surface. The instrument of tattoo consisted of small pots of pumice or wood into which was placed a wetted black pigment made from burnt kauri gum, burnt vegetable caterpillars or other sooty materials. A bird bone chisel or comb set at right angles on a short wooden handle was dipped into the gigment, that a rod or stick was used to tap head of this miniature adze, causing penetration of the skin surface. Black pigment lodged under the skin took on a bluish tinge. A full made facial tattoo consisted of major spirals with smaller spirals on each side of the nose and sweeping curved lines radiating out from between the brows over the forehead and from the nose to the chin. The major patterns were cut deep, while the secondary koru patterns were lightly pricked into the skin.

• 한국안광학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.103-113
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• 1998

현재 국내의 고등학생에 대한 굴절이상에 관한 조사는 아주 미흡한 상태이다. 특히 동일집단의 시력을 수년에 걸쳐서 추적 조사한 사례는 거의 전무한 설정이므로 동두천지역 중 고등학생의 3년 전과 현재의 안굴절 상태를 비교 분석하여 근시, 원시, 난시 등 굴절이상의 발생분포 현황을 조사하고, 또한 앞서 보고한 바 있는 일반성인의 시력에 관한 역학조사와 동일한 장비를 이용하여 학생들의 시력을 측정함으로서 성인과 학생의 시력을 비교분석하였다. 시력을 spherical equivalent 기준으로 분류할 때 정시안이 총 대상안의 36.0%, 굴절이상안이 총 대상안의 64.0%(근시 60.6%, 원시 4.4%)를 차지하는 것으로 나타났다. 1995년 학생에 비하여 1998년 학생의 근시안 비율이 증가하였으며, 1998년 학생들이 1997년 일반성인보다 정시안의 비율이 7.4%, 근시안의 비율이 4% 높게 나타났고, 원시안의 비율은 성인에 비하여 매우 낮게 나타났다. 굴절이상안의 종류별 분포는 전체 대상안 1212안 중 단순근시가 전체 대상안 중 28.6%로 가장 많았고, 근시성 복난시가 22.4%로 두 번째로 많았으며, 그 다음은 근시성단난시가 14.4%, 원시성단난시 3.1%, 혼합난시 1.7%, 단순원시 1.2%, 원시성복난시 1.2%의 순서로 나타났다. 난시안의 분포는 Cyl-0.25Dptr를 난시에 포함시켰을 때 전체 대상안의 76.7%를 차지하였으며, -025Dptr를 제외하였을 때는 전체 대상안의 45.6%를 차지하였으며, 학생의 직난시가 도난시의 약 4.5배가량 많은 것으로 나타났다. 우안과 좌안의 굴절력을 비교한 결과 우안이 더 근시 쪽의 이상을 나타내었으며 이는 성인의 경우와 동일한 것으로 조사되었으며, 남녀의 굴절이상에서는 유의한 차이점이 발견되지 않았다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제52권8호
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• pp.910-916
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• 2009

목 적 : 완전 대혈관 전위의 대표적인 수술 방법으로 정착된 동맥 전환술의 성적 및 중장기적 예후 인자, 위험인자를 알아 보고자 최근 5년간 부산대학교병원에서 이를 시행 받은 환자들의 진료 및 수술 기록, 심초음파 추적 결과를 분석하였다. 방 법 : 2003년 1월부터 2008년 7월까지 부산대학교병원에서 대혈관 전위로 동맥 전환술을 시행 받은 30명의 환자들을 대상으로 하였으며, 이들을 심실 중격 결손을 포함한 동반 기형이 있는 군(complex TGA군)과 없는 군(simple TGA군)으로 나누어 수술기록, 진료기록 및 심초음파 소견을 후향적으로 분석하였다. 결 과 : 30명의 환자 중 complex TGA군이 16명, simple TGA군이 14명이었으며 3-63개월의 추적 관찰 기간을 가졌다. 수술 후 조기 사망 및 원내 사망은 없었으나 폐동맥 분지 협착, 신 대동맥판막 및 폐동맥판막 폐쇄부전, 좌심실 유출로 협착 및 주폐동맥 협착이 추적 관찰 기간 중 발생하였던 합병증으로 조사되었다. 신 대동맥 판막 및 폐동맥 판막 폐쇄부전의 경우는 대혈관의 좌우정렬 배열, 동반된 동맥궁 기형의 존재, Taussig-Bing 기형이 동반된 경우 좀더 빈번하게 발생하였으며 심실 중격 결손의 동반, 대혈관의 좌우정렬 배치, 비전형적인 관상동맥 주행이 있었던 경우에서 수술 후 좌심실 및 우심실 유출로 협착의 발생을 관찰할 수 있었다. 결 론 : 동맥 전환술은 체심실의 기능이 잘 유지되고 조기사망의 위험이 거의 없는 매우 효과적인 수술 방법이나, 추적 관찰 중 폐동맥 분지협착, 신 대동맥판막 및 폐동맥 판막 부전, 좌심실 유출로 협착, 그리고 주폐동맥 협착 등의 합병증의 발생에 대해서는 특별한 주의가 필요하다. 이들 합병증이 장기적 예후에 미치는 영향에 대해서는 좀 더 많은 증례와 지속적인 추적관찰이 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.9-16
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• 2004

목적 : 운동, 감각, 단어형성 , 듣고이해하기, 기억력과제를주면서 기능적자기공명영상를 이용하여 부운동영역의 기능적 지도화를 한다. 대상 및 방법 : 16명의 오른손잡이 정상지원자를 대상으로 1.5 T자기공명영상기기를 사용하여 전뇌를 BOLD EPI를 기능적자기공명영상을 얻었다. 왼손가락운동, 고온감각, 단어형성 , 듣고이해하기 그리고 기억자극을 주면서 5번의 자극기와 휴식기를 반복하여 영상을 얻었다. p = 0.0001의 역치를 사용하여 활성화된 뇌의 지도화를 시행하였고 역치 이상의 뇌활성화가 보이는 부위를 MNI 공간으로 표시하여 각각의 자극에 대한 해부학적 위치와 활성화를 분석하였다. 결과 : 16명의 정상지원자 중 부운동영역의 활성화는 운동자극시 16명 모두에서, 감각자극시 11명, 단어형성자극시 15명, 듣고이해하기자극시 5명, 그리고 기억자극시 15명에서 보였다. 부운동영역중 앞부분의 활성화는 단어형성자극과 기억자극시 보였으며, 뒤부분의 활성화는 운동과 감각자극시 측정되었다. 운동과 감각자극시 자극부위와 반대편의 부운동영역에서 활성화, 그리고 단어형성자극과 기억자극시 왼쪽반구의 활성화가 주로 측정되었다. 결론 : 부운동영역은 운동과 감각 그리고 단어형성기능과 기억기능에 연관이 있는 뇌부위이며, 부운동영역중에서도 각각의 기능에 해당하는 부위가 존재한다.

• 한국안광학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.131-138
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• 2000

시력을 구면렌즈대응치 기준으로 분류할 때 정시안이 총 대상안의 40.6%, 굴절이상안이 총 대상안의 59.4%(근시 46.4%, 원시 13.0%)를 차지하는 것으로 나타났다. 굴절이상안의 종류별 분포를 보면 전체 대상안 6143안 중 단순근시가 전체 대상안 중 23.6%로 가장 많았고, 근시성 복난시가 17.4%로 두 번째로 많았으며, 그 다음은 근시성단난시가 10.9%, 원시성단난시 9.8%, 단순원시 7.1%, 원시성복난시 2.2%, 혼합난시 1.8%의 순서로 나타났다. 구면렌즈대응치의 분포를 기준으로 근시성 굴절이상안 중에서 경도 근시가 전체 대상안의 30.4%로 가장 많은 수를 차지하였고, 중등도 근시가 전체 대상안의 14.9%로 나타났으며, 고도근시는 나타나지 않았다. 또한 원시성 굴절이상안 중에서는 경도원시가 거의 대부분으로 나타났다. 난시안의 분포는 Cyl-0.25 Dptr를 난시에 포함시켰을 때 전체 대상안의 69.6%를 차지하였으며, -0.25 Dptr를 제외하였을 때는 전체대상안의 45.0%를 차지하였다. 난시의 정도는 0.5~1.00D가 전체 대상안의 34.1%로 가장 많았으며 그 이상부터는 급격히 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 성인과 비교할 때 0.5Dptr 이상의 난시가 학생의 난시비율이 24.3% 만큼 낮은 것으로 조사되었다. 또한 학생의 직난시가 도난시의 약 5.6배 가량 많은 것으로 나타났다. 우안과 좌안의 굴절력을 비교한 결과 우안이 더 근시 쪽의 이상을 나타내었으며 이는 성인의 경우와 동일한 것으로 조사되었다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.317-327
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• 2010

제1대구치는 치열의 교합 및 발육에 중요하게 관여하며 기능적, 형태적으로 건전한 교합의 발육 및 유지에 필수적인 치아이다. 치열의 발육과정에 있어서 제1대구치의 형성, 맹출 및 형태의 이상이나 선천결손의 발생여부를 조기에 진단하는 것은 매우 중요하다. 이 연구의 목적은 제1대구치의 맹출과 석회화 양상에 대해 조사하여 형성과 맹출의 상, 하악과 좌, 우 차이에 대해 평가하는 것이다. 2007년 7월부터 2008년 6월까지 전북대학교 치과병원 소아치과에 내원하여 파노라마 방사선사진을 촬영한 545명의 어린이를 대상으로, 제1대구치의 맹출 위치와, Gleiser and Hunt의 석회화단계의 분류를 이용하여 제1대구치의 석회화에 대해 연구한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 제1대구치의 구강내 출은은 하악 제1대구치의 구강내 출은이 상악 제1대구치의 출은보다 0.75~0.8년 빠르게 일어났으며, 여성은 남성에 비해 상악은 약 0.45년, 하악은 약 0.5년 먼저 출은했다. 2. 제1대구치의 석회화단계와 맹출 정도의 좌, 우 차이는, 5세에서 상악 좌, 우측 맹출 정도와, 7세에서 상악 좌, 우측 맹출정도, 하악 좌, 우측 석회화단계가 유의한 차이를 보였다. 3. 상악은 치근 분지부의 급속한 확대단계와 치근 2/3완성단계 사이에서, 하악은 치근 1/4완성단계와 치근 1/2완성단계 사이에 가장 많은 맹출 이동량을 보였다.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.79-95
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate the sanitation affairs of general restaurants. The questionnaire survey on the attitude and knowledge toward sanitation, the attitude for sanitary administration and the sanitary education was conducted against new 600 restaurateurs who were educated from June 20 to July 11, 1996, at the administration hall's division of Kyungsangbook-do in charge of food industry that offered regular sanitary education to new restaurateurs annually. And the visit survey on sanitary practice was also conducted over 93 restaurateurs who obtained the commercial license for food service business. The findings from the survey were as follows; In regard to food sanitation, some 87.1 to 88.3% got the right knowledge about the reason and precaution of food poisoning, food's frozen or cold-storage, and the disposal of products after expiration of validity term. But it was about 20.8% to 50.0% who knew right about major precaution, storage temperature in refrigerator, fermented milk product's storage temperature and validity term. There was therefore a necessity for education in food sanitation. 38.2% of the subjects placed an emphasis on sanitary storage of foodstuffs as the most important thing in sanitary management. 33.8% emphasized cooking sanitation. The environmental sanitation was counted as the most important thing by 19.2%, and personal sanitation of worker was counted by 8.8%. There was differences in what they thought the most important thing was, according to the respondent's educational level and cooker. 86.6% replied it necessary to improve the sanitary level. The respondents who were younger or had better educational level emphasized more the need for it. Concerning health examination, 90.2% replied it necessary. 81.4% answered the reason was because there was a potentiality Quests might be infected with contagious disease. 78.5% pointed the need for sanitary education, but respondents with higher educational level less emphasized its needs. As the reason for poor sanitation, restaurateur's poor awareness about it was most frequently pointed out, by 46.9%. Cooking sanitation was most frequently counted, by 38.5%, as the first thing to be improved. As the most critical point in sanitary education, 34.5% indicated food's sanitary Quality control 30.9% mentioned sanitary treatment of kitchen facilities and peripheral environment, and 27.1% emphasized the summary of the general food sanitation. 77.7% answered to correct immediately in case of violating the Food Hygiene Law, and 12.0% replied to correct in the same case if they would get the order from public official or administrative action would be taken. Respondents with higher educational level answered more to correct immediately. What they wanted the government office to do toward sanitary improvement was a fund aid an facilities and management which was pointed out by 38.9%, a periodical sanitary education by 26.3% and a on-the-spot guidance of sanitary officials by 22.3%. In view of the food service business's sanitary practice, the rate of wearing a sanitary clothes was 32.9% in city and 35.0% in county. The rate of hand-washing without soap or non-washing at cooking was 73.9%, 85%, respectively. The rate of personnel sanitation was 34.2% in city and 50.0% in county. These things indicated the sanitation was not well practiced. To improve the poor sanitary conditions of the food service businesses, it is recommended to offer institutional backing and financial aid from administrative office, and encourage restaurateurs to take pride in their job. and conduct the sanitary education effectively by sanitary education institution.

• 한국지역지리학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.183-198
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• 1997

본 연구는 구미공단 1단지내에 입주하고 있는 공장의 입지과정과 공간연계를 통하여 입지특성을 밝히고 공단내 공장의 전수를 방문하여 면담과 질문지에 의하여 조사하였다. 구미공업단지는 국가의 정책과 인접지역인 대구의 공업특성이 반영되어 전자공업과 섬유공업으로 특화되어 있으며 업종별로 단지가 양분되어 있다. 공장유치정책에 의한 유인효과로 소수의 대기업이 입지함으로써 관련되는 중소기업의 입지를 촉진시켰으며, 섬유공업은 대구에 본사를 둔 분공장이, 전자공업에서는 부품을 생산하는 단일공장이 다수를 정한다. 물자연계에 있어서 섬유공업은 원료구입은 대구와 제품판매는 수출중심으로 해외지역과 연계가 강하며, 전자공업은 원료구입은 타도시와 제품판매는 단지내와 연계가 강하다. 서비스연계도 업종에 따라 차이가 있으며, 고차서비스는 타지역과 저차서비스는 지역내와 연계하고 있다. 구미공단내의 공장은 하청관계가 탁월하여 지방소재 공업단지의 특성을 반영하고 있고 공간적인 관계는 섬유공업은 대구와 전자공업은 공단내의 대기업과 강한 연계관계를 맺고 있다.

• 미술이론과 현장
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• 제5호
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• pp.43-80
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• 2007

PASKYULA was formed in September, 1923 through the union of artists involved in two art groups: Kim Ki-Jin, Kim Bok-Jin, Yeon Hak-Nyeon who had previously participated in the ToWolHoi, and Park Young-Hi, Lee Sang-Hwa, An Seok-Ju, former members of the BaeckJo. After its founding, the PASKYULA artists had been searching for the social function of art to reform the harsh reality of Minjung and the nation with criticism toward society as well as art world. Their art theory for MinJung could grow relatively ease in relation to changing social and political conditions in the early 1920s. In August, 1925, PASKYULA organized the Korea Artista Proletaria Federatio with the YeomGunSa, and laid the groundwork for Proletariat art movement which was regularized in the late 1920s. From PASKYULA up to the early state of KAPF, the theory of art advocated by Kim Bok-Jin and An Seok-Ju could be summarized as "art for MinJung". At that time, widely ranging discourses on MinJung, however, was spawned in art theory, because many intellectuals-including artists and writers-begun to pay more attention to MinJung, who emerged as one of the social forces after the Samil Independent Movement. Sometimes, MinJung was construed as the target of enlightenment from a negative viewpoint. On the other hand, several intellectuals under the influence of individualism asserted that the discussion itself on MinJung exerted an evil influence on art. In contrast of these cases, the PASKYULA artists including Kim Bok-Jin, An Seok-Ju perceived that MinJung had the potential to change society, and regarded them as "a creator of genuine civilization and art". In the PASKYULA artist's writings, the concept of MinJung was often overlapped with the meaning of the Choson nation suffering under colony. Although their concept of MinJung was transformed gradually into the proletariat as they were under the strong influence of socialism, it did not change that they grasped the realities of the whole Choson Peninsula through the proletarian consciousness. In the early state of PASKYULA, the methodology for social function of art was presented in a twofold manner. First of all, Kim Bok-Jin emphasized on the necessity of education to improve MinJung's way of life through art, and it was embodied by the organization of ToWol Art Workshop and public lecture. Also, he championed "the popularization of art", which was one of methods to distribute art to MinJung. According to the PASKYULA artists, art should be not art for art' sake but art for MinJung. That was why they advocated the convergence of art and MinJung's life. Especially Kim Bok-Jin affirmed a link between art and industry because he considered industry the field inextricably linked with MinJung's life. In this context, his idea could be read as the generalization and equalization within the framework of possession. Kim Bok-Jin thought that the social ramifications of capitalism deprived MinJung of their right to enjoy art, and emphasized the artist' social role to return the right to them. That is, the even distribution of art was mainly discussed than the contents of art in the half of 1920s. By 1925, the contents of art itself became an issue in the PASKYULA art theory, and it was based in realism. Kim Bok-Jin and An Seok-Ju insisted that art should be reflection of real life. At that time, realism acquired the representation of MinJung and the nation's realities not realistic style. In fact, the various Western art styles including Futurism, Constructivism, Cubism etc. were exploited in the PASKYULA's visual images. Western art, target of criticism on theory, was selectively adopted in the works which were produced by Kim Bok-Jin and An Seok-Ju. Kim Bok-Jin's MoonYeUnDong cover design was conceived of as the example in which Western art was adopted with it's ideology under the influence of MAVO, while Western art shown in An Seok-Ju's illustrations served as a decorative function in many cases. Especially, An Seok-Ju attempted the various styles of Western art simultaneously, which may be seen as representing that PASKYULA did not have a firm ideology for their style. Also, it can be read as showing his hasty zeal to overcome Western art rapidly. The wish to establish "art for MinJung" as soon as possible was accompanied with the will to jump over the all steps of Western art though it was superficial. This aspiration of PASKYULA was expressed through the mass media, which had the potential for communicating to MinJung. At this point, there was a significant disparity between PASKYULA and another art groups in the first half of 1920s. However, the PASKYULA's method on the basis of the mass media could not but have a certain limitation because of the medium's properties. Nevertheless, PASKYULA' attempts may be considered to be valuable in sense that they expended the boundaries of Korean modern art into the commercial art questioning the matter of the distribution for art.