• Title/Summary/Keyword: Richness Index

Search Result 301, Processing Time 0.032 seconds

Composition and Diversity of Salivary Microbiome Affected by Sample Collection Method

  • Lee, Yeon-Hee;Hong, Ji-Youn;Lee, Gi-Ja
    • Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
    • /
    • v.47 no.1
    • /
    • pp.10-26
    • /
    • 2022
  • Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether various saliva collection methods affect the observed salivary microbiome and whether microbiomes of stimulated and unstimulated saliva and plaque differ in richness and diversity. Methods: Seven sampling methods for unstimulated saliva, stimulated saliva, and plaque samples were applied to six orally and systemically healthy participants. Bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA genes of 10 major oral bacterial species, namely, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus sobrinus, and Lactobacillus casei, were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. We comprehensively examined the dependence of the amount of bacterial ribosomal DNA (rDNA), bacterial-community composition, and relative abundance of each species on sample collection methods. Results: There were significant differences in the bacterial rDNA copy number depending on the collection method in three species: F. nucleatum, P. nigrescens, and S. mitis. The species with the highest richness was S. mitis, with the range from 89.31% to 100.00%, followed by F. nucleatum, P. nigrescens, T. denticola, T. forsythia, and P. intermedia, and the sum of the proportions of the remaining five species was less than 1%. The species with the lowest observed richness was P. gingivalis (<0.1%). The Shannon diversity index was the highest in unstimulated saliva collected with a funnel (4.449). The Shannon diversity index was higher in plaque samples (3.623) than in unstimulated (3.171) and stimulated (3.129) saliva and in mouthwash saliva samples (2.061). Conclusions: The oral microbial profile of saliva samples can be affected by sample collection methods, and saliva differs from plaque in the microbiome. An easy and rapid technique for saliva collection is desirable; however, observed microbial-community composition may more accurately reflect the actual microbiome when unstimulated saliva is assayed.

Fauna Diversity at the Deukjin River, Hapcheon-gun, Korea (합천군 덕진천의 동물상에 대한 다양성)

  • Huh, Man Kyu
    • Journal of Life Science
    • /
    • v.28 no.1
    • /
    • pp.105-109
    • /
    • 2018
  • Biodiversity (or biological diversity) is defined as the variability of living organisms, the "diversity of life on Earth," and the complex relationships that make up ecosystems. This study aimed to investigate the spatial and temporal patterns in animal species composition and diversity at the Deukjin River, located in Hapcheon Province, Korea. The fauna community at the Deukjin River during 2016 season was identified with a total of 55 taxa, representing the following six classes: Mammalia (mammals), Actinopterygii (bony fish), Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish), Aves (birds), Amphibia (amphibians), Reptilia (reptiles), and invertebrates. The Berger - Parker index (BPI) for mammals varied from 0.233 (Station A) to 0.333 (Station D). The Shannon - Weaver index (H') and two diversity indexes (N1 and N2) for mammals and birds in the upper region were higher than those in the lower region. The values of ${\beta}$-diversity for animals varied from 0.229 for fish to 0.339 for invertebrates. The richness indices for animal taxa also varied among the stations and seasons. Station A showed considerably high richness in mammals, birds, and reptiles/amphibians. Although the richness indices (R1 and R2) for six animal kingdoms during the seasons were different from each other, the difference was not significant (p<0.05). The evenness indices for five animal kingdoms were different from each other, but again, the difference was not significant (p<0.05).

Species Composition and Diversity in Mid-altitudinal Moist Temperate Forests of the Western Himalaya

  • Gairola, Sumeet;Sharma, C.M.;Suyal, Sarvesh;Ghildiya, S.K.
    • Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
    • /
    • v.27 no.1
    • /
    • pp.1-15
    • /
    • 2011
  • The present study was undertaken in middle altitudinal (1500 to 2500 masl) moist temperate forest of Mandal-Chopta area in the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand, India. The aim of the present study was to assess the variation in species composition and diversity in different vegetation layers viz. herb, shrub and tree, at different altitudes. Shannon-Wiener diversity index ($\bar{H}$), $Nha^{-1}$, total basal cover per hectare (G), Simpson concentration of dominance, Pielou Equitability, species richness (SR), Margalef index, Menheink index of species richness and ${\beta}$-diversity were calculated to understand community composition. Tree G ranged from 84.25 to 35.08 $m^2ha^{-1}$ and total stem density varied from 990 to 1470 Nha-1. Total SR (herb, shrub and trees) among different forest types ranged between 31 and 58. Maximum G of herb and shrub layers was recorded at lower altitudes between 1500 and 1650 masl. ${\beta}$-diversity was higher in herb layers as compared to tree and shrub layers. Dominance-diversity curves were also drawn to ascertain resource apportionment among various species in different forest types. Values of species diversity, $\bar{H}$, $Nha^{-1}$ and G were higher in the study area as compared to similar forests growing in other parts of Uttarakhand Himalaya.

Appearance Patterns of fish collected by stow net in coastal waters off Gochang from Spring and Summer (봄-여름 고창 연안에서 주목망에 어획된 어류의 출현양상)

  • HAN, Kyeong-Ho;ROH, Sung-Sam;YU, Tae-Sik;CHA, Sang-Hun;LEE, Sung-Hoon
    • Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
    • /
    • v.13 no.2
    • /
    • pp.66-75
    • /
    • 2021
  • In 2014, fishes caught using stow nets in coastal waters off Gochang from May to October were assessed for appearance patterns. The fishes were caught at four research stations (St.) and were found to comprise 37 species, 18 families, and 7 orders. The dominant species were Thryssa kammalensis, Setipinna tenuifilis, and Sardinella zunasi. To gain a measure of their biodiversity, all species were assessed for their number, richness, diversity, evenness, and dominance. The highest and lowest numbers of total fishes caught were recorded in September (4,819 individuals) and October (828 individuals), respectively. The diversity was the highest in October (H' = 2.478) and lowest in June (H' = 0.880). The evenness index was the highest in October (E = 0.780) and lowest in June (E = 0.343). The richness index was the highest in October (R = 3.424) and lowest in May (R = 1.552). Finally, the dominance index was the highest in June (D = 86.2%) and lowest in October (D = 40.3%).

Bamboo Distribution Map for Planning the Development of Tourism Potential in Boon Pring Andeman Area

  • Farah, Devy Atika;Dharmawan, Agus;Novianti, Vivi
    • Proceedings of the National Institute of Ecology of the Republic of Korea
    • /
    • v.2 no.3
    • /
    • pp.144-152
    • /
    • 2021
  • Sanankerto is one of pilot projects for tourism villages in Indonesia due to its natural tourism potential with a 24-ha bamboo forest located in Boon Pring Andeman area. However, the distribution of existing bamboo has never been identified or mapped. Thus, the mana gement is facing difficulty in planning and developing tourism potential as well as spatial management in the area. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to identify and analyze the structure of bamboo vegetation in the Boon Pring Tourism village an d to perform vegetation mapping. The type of research was descriptive exploratory with a cluster sampling technique (i.e., a two-stage cluster) covering an area of ± 10 ha. Bamboo vegetation analysis was performed by calculating diversity index (H'), evenness index (E), and Species Richness index (R). Data were collected through observation and interviews with local people and the manager to determine zonation division. Mapping of bamboo vegetation based on zoning was processed into thematic maps using ArcG is 10.3. Micro climatic factors were measured with three replications for each sub -cluster. Data were analyzed descriptively and quantitatively. Nine species of bamboo identified. Diversity, evenness, and species richness indices differed at each location. Activities of local communities, tourists, and manager determined the presence, number, and distribution of bamboo species. These bamboo distribution maps in three zoning (utilization, buffer, and core) can be used by manager for planning and developing natural tourism potential.

Species composition and cluster analysis of the communities caught by dredge in relation to tooth spacing and mesh size in the coastal waters of Gangneung, Korea (강릉 연안에서 형망의 갈퀴 간격 및 망목 크기에 따른 어획 생물의 종조성 및 군집 분석)

  • An, Heui-Chun;Bae, Jae-Hyun;Park, Jong-Myung;Park, Chang-Doo;Hong, Sung-Eic
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
    • /
    • v.50 no.4
    • /
    • pp.530-541
    • /
    • 2014
  • The dredge gear is dragged along the bottom of the sea to catch targeted edible bottom dwelling species. Species composition and ecological index of the catches of dredge were estimated around Gangneung coastal fishing ground by dredge with different mesh size and tooth space from July to December 2013. Eight different types of dredge including four different tooth space (24.7 mm, 29.9 mm, 34.9 mm, 40.1 mm) and four different mesh size(15.5 mm, 32.7 mm, 51.1 mm, 60.0 mm) were used in the experiment. During the experiment, total catches were collected 31 species as sipunculida 1 species, mollusca 13 species, annelida 3 species, arthropoda 8 species, echinodermata 4 species and others 2 species. The dominant genus were mollusca and echinodermata while the dominant species were Megangulus venulosus, Pseudocardium sachalinensis, Schaphechinus brevis. The richness index was ranged 1.29-1.72, evenness index was 0.6-0.65 and diversity index was 1.65-1.83 according to the tooth space and mesh size of dredge. Richness index, diversity index were high at tooth space 34.9 mm dredge and ecological index showed decreasing tendency with the increasing of mesh size of dredge. Cluster and MDS analysis, based on a Bray-Curtis and similarity matrix of fourth root transformed data of number of species and wet weight, showed division into four different groups as four different tooth space (Group A), four different mesh size Group B (51.1 mm, 60.0 mm), Group C (32.7 mm) and Group D (15.5 mm).

Fluctuations in abundance and species composition of fishes collected by gill net fisheries in coastal water of Yeosu, Korea (여수 연안에서 자망에 어획된 어류의 종조성 및 양적변동)

  • Oh, Seong-Jae;Han, Kyeong-Ho;Koh, Su-Jin;Lee, Seong-Hun;Shin, Lim-Soo
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
    • /
    • v.50 no.4
    • /
    • pp.633-642
    • /
    • 2014
  • Monthly variation in abundance and species composition of the fishes were investigated based on specimens collected by gill net in coastal water of Yeosu from October, 2009 and February, May, August, 2010. The collected fishes were 1,529 individuals (183,840g) of the total, identified into 6 orders, 16 families and 24 species. The most dominant order fish was Perciformes comprised 9 species, 7 families, and followed Pleuronectiformes comprised 5 species, 3 families, Scorpaeniformes comprised 5 species, 2 families. These 3 orders constituted 81.1% of the total collected fish. During the study, most dominant species was Hexagrammos otakii accounted for 189 individuals (12.4%) of the total, followed by Lateolabrax japonicus 165 individuals (10.8%), Hexagrammos agrammus 154 individuals (10.0%). The fish was collected by a gill net in coastal water of Yeosu from October, 2009 and February, May, August, 2010, the diversity index of the fishes was 2.09~2.66, which was the highest in August, 2010 and the lowest in February, 2010. The evenness index of them was 0.84~0.89, which was the highest in August, 2010 and the lowest in February, 2010 and the richness index of them was 2.02~3.14, which was the highest in October, 2009 and the lowest in February, 2010. The analyzed species diversity index by the each stations was 2.47~2.66 and the evenness index was 0.84~0.90 and the richness index 2.99~3.37. The similarity of community structure per season was very high which was the least in spring and fall. In addition, the community structure was very similar in state 3 and 2 out of each stations.

Distribution of Functional Feeding and Habitat Trait Groups of Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Biological Evaluation of Water Quality in Gayasan National Park (가야산의 저서성 대형무척추동물 섭식기능군 및 서식습성군 분포와 생물학적 수질평가)

  • Moon, Tae Young;An, Mi Soon;Kim, Hyoung Gon;Yoon, Chun Sik;Cheong, Seon Woo
    • Journal of Environmental Science International
    • /
    • v.27 no.6
    • /
    • pp.383-399
    • /
    • 2018
  • In the present study, the community distribution, functional feeding groups, and habitat groups of the benthic macroinvertebrates from Gayasan National Park were investigated at eight different sites from 2015 to 2016. The correlation between habitat altitude and each group type was analyzed statistically. Biodiversity indices, including dominance, diversity, richness, and evenness indices, were calculated. The results showed a total of 4,216 individual benthic macroinvertebrates were collected, including 4 phyla, 6 classes, 16 orders, 40 families, and 100 species. Gammarus sobaegensis was dominant with 0.141% dominance, and the subdominant species was Epeorus nipponicus with 0.088% dominance. The EPT group(Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Tricoptera) accounted for 71.00% of the total species and 67.69% of the total individuals. The number of scraper species was highest, and the number of gathering collector individuals was highest among functional feeding groups. The individual number of scrapers(r=-0.358, p < 0.05) and gathering collectors(r=-0.343, p < 0.05) decreased with increasing altitude. The numbers of species and individuals of clingers and sprawlers were highest among the habitat groups. The individual number of clingers(r=-0.547, p < 0.01) and burrowers(r=-0.331, p < 0.05) significantly decreased with increasing altitude. The diversity and richness indices were higher in St. 3 than in the other sites. The dominance index was highest in St. 2, and the evenness index was highest in St. 7. We evaluated the biological water quality with several known methods, and concluded that ESB(Ecological score of benthic macrovertebrates community) and GPI(Group polution index) were more suitable than KSI(Korean saprobic index) and BMI (Benthic macrovertebrate index) to assess the biological water quality of Gayasan mountain stream water.

Distribution of Ground-beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in Mt. Gabjangsan, Korea (갑장산의 보행성 딱정벌레류 분포에 관한 연구)

  • Yeon Hwa-Soon;Park Jong-Kyun;Lee Dong-Woon;Chung Ku-Min
    • Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
    • /
    • v.19 no.1
    • /
    • pp.47-55
    • /
    • 2005
  • This study was conducted to carry out with the structure of ground-beetles(Coleoptera: Carabidae) community surveyed depending on altitude in Mt. Gabjangsan, Sangju, from August 2004 to October 2004. The 1,439 individuals in 15 species of 4 families were found in the survey. In the monthly taxa diversity, September of 697 individuals and 12 species was higher than August of 102 individuals and 8 species and October of 640 individuals and 5 families. The diversity index and evenness index were the lowest, but richness index was the highest in 800m altitude. The richness index was the highest in 400m altitude and evenness index was the highest in loom altitude. Synuchus cycloderus is a dominant species in 300-800m altitude and Synuchus nitidus is a dominant species in loom altitude. In these results, indicator insects for the evaluation of golf courses environment in mountain area construction were selected as S. cycloderus and S. nitidus.

Plant Species Assemblages and Vegetation Composition of Wetlands Within an Upland Forest

  • Huh, Man-Kyu;Lee, Hak-Young;Moon, Sung-Gi
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
    • /
    • v.28 no.1
    • /
    • pp.1-7
    • /
    • 2010
  • Small wetlands in an upland matrix can support diverse vegetation composition that increase both local and regional species richness. In this study we characterize the full range of wetland vegetation in an upland forest landscape at Dumyeong-ri, Gijang-gun, Busan. This wetland index can be calculated with species data, or with community type data as performed. Classified community types were used to describe vegetation at three wetlands and adjacent areas. The communities contained 28 species of vascular plants and 28 species were identified four plant community types. The Pinus densiflora type was dominated by Pinus densiflora and contained only four species. None of the plots had high proportion of standing water. The Carpinus laxiflora type had high obligate upland species (OU) and facultative upland species (FU). The Rhododendron mucronulatum type grew in over half of the plots included Pinus densiflora and Alnus japonica. Some species bother swampy areas adjacent to site C. The Miscanthus sacchariflorus type consisted of seasonal wetlands. The three sites contained nine species with the strongest indicator species being Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens, Miscanthus sinensis, Echinochloa crus-galli, and Sagittaria aginashi. This type had the highest proportions of obligate wetland species. Plant species richness averaged 5.069. Shannon-Weaver index of diversity also varied among the community types (F=22.7, df=4, 115), with the types FU having significantly higher value (2.746) than the others (1.057 for type FW and 1.600 for type OU). Regional plans including all of the diverse types of wetland vegetation in upland forests will contribute substantially to the conservation of plant diversity.