• Title/Summary/Keyword: Rice stalk

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Effect of Different Substrates and Casing Materials on the Growth and Yield of Calocybe indica

  • Amin, Ruhul;Khair, Abul;Alam, Nuhu;Lee, Tae-Soo
    • Mycobiology
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    • v.38 no.2
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    • pp.97-101
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    • 2010
  • Calocybe indica, a tropical edible mushroom, is popular because it has good nutritive value and it can be cultivated commercially. The current investigation was undertaken to determine a suitable substrate and the appropriate thickness of casing materials for the cultivation of C. indica. Optimum mycelial growth was observed in coconut coir substrate. Primordia initiation with the different substrates and casing materials was observed between the 13th and 19th day. The maximum length of stalk was recorded from sugarcane leaf, while diameter of stalk and pileus, and thickness of pileus were found in rice straw substrate. The highest biological and economic yield, and biological efficiency were also obtained in the rice straw substrate. Cow dung and loamy soil, farm-yard manure, loamy soil and sand, and spent oyster mushroom substrates were used as casing materials to evaluate the yield and yield-contributing characteristics of C. indica. The results indicate that the number of effective fruiting bodies, the biological and economic yield, and the biological efficiency were statistically similar all of the casing materials used. The maximum biological efficiency was found in the cow dung and loamy soil casing material. The cow dung and loamy soil (3 cm thick) was the best casing material and the rice straw was the best substrate for the commercial cultivation of C. indica.

Studies on Creep Behavior for Rice Stalks (벼줄기의 크리이프 거동(擧動)에 관한 연구)

  • Huh, Yun Kun;Kim, Sung Rai;Lee, Sang Woo
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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    • v.22 no.1
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    • pp.1-10
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    • 1995
  • All agricultural crops and products should be cultured, harvested, handled and processed by the proper mechanical methods in the mechanized farming systems. Agricultural crops might be injured or deformed through various working stages due to static or dynamic forces of machines. Mechanical forces had to be applied with proper degrees to the agricultural crops in incoincidence with properties of crops without any damage of crops so as to increase the work efficiency qualitatively. Knowledges of mechanical properties of agricultural materials are essential to prevent of agricultural crops in relation with mechanical farming system. This study was carried out to examine and analyze the creep behavior of the rice stalk on growing and harvesting periods by mechanical model with computer measurement system in radial directional compressive force and bending force. The creep behavior of the rice stalk could be predicted precisely and its results approached closely to the measured values. The creep behaviors were increased greatly with increase of compressive force, namely, the steady state creep behavior occurred at the force less then 25N and the logarithmic creep behavior at the force bigger than 30N. The instantaneous elastic modulus $E_o$ and the retardation time ${\tau}_K$ were increased together with increase of applied forces, meanwhile the retarded elastic modulus $E_r$ and viscosity ${\eta}_v$ were decreased with increase of applied forces in mechanical model being expected the creep behavior in relation with the level of applied forces, which was well explained that the rice stalk might be visvo-elastic material. In the creep test along the stalk portion with compressive force and bending force, the intermediate portion showed greatest values and also the lower portion showed the least values, which implied that the intermediate portions of rice stalk were very weak. The steady state creep behavior occured at the intermediate portion and the upper portion in the rice stalk at the compressive force larger than 25.0N, which showed the possibility of injury due to external forces.

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An effect of the shape of cutting blade on cutting resistance of rice stalk (콤바인 예취날의 형상이 볏짚절단저항에 미치는 영향)

  • Choi, Woo-Young;Kim, Tae-Han
    • Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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    • v.22
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    • pp.41-48
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    • 2004
  • This study is performed in order to provide the basic information needed for the development of cutting blade for combine. By comparing the developed cutting blade of which were made groove of the surface with the common cutting blade. Friction force and cutting resistance by the cutter bar speed ratio and moisture content of rice stalk were shown as follows: 1. The friction force of the developed cutting blade is shown at the average value $0.12kg{\cdot}m$ as 25% lower than one of the common blade at the average value $0.16kg{\cdot}m$. 2. The cutting resistance of the developed cutting blade is shown as respectively 12%, 15% and 20% lower than one of the common blade at the moisture content of rice stalk of 14.2%, 55.3% and 84.2%. 3. The cutting resistance of cutting blade by two different driving types is shown that the one by double driving type is $0.2kg{\cdot}m$, and the one by single driving type is $0.24kg{\cdot}m$. 4. Optimum cutter bar speed ratio of cutting blade is shown as different according to the moisture content of rice stalk.

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The Use of Sugarcane Stalk for Feeding Lactating Cows

  • Kawashima, T.;Sumamal, W.;Pholsen, P.;Chaithiang, R.;Boonpakdee, W.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.15 no.2
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    • pp.205-208
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    • 2002
  • The use of chopped sugarcane stalk (CSS) as a roughage for lactating cows was examined using four Holstein crossbred cows in a private dairy farm in Khon Kaen, Thailand, in comparison with rice straw (RS), which is the conventional roughage in the dry season in the region. Cows were subjected to the following two dietary treatments: Diet 1) RS with commercial concentrate feed, and Diet 2) CSS and RS with commercial concentrate feed. The diet was switched over every 3 weeks. The amount of concentrate was determined by the experience of the owner of the cows. RS and CSS were given ad libitum. There was no difference in milk production between two groups, although the total DMI was less in cows fed CSS. Solid-not-fat (SNF) content in milk was significantly higher in the cows given CSS. The NEFA content was significantly lower in the animals given CSS, which suggested that cows given only RS as roughage would be suffering from energy malnutrition. Therefore, it was considered that CSS feeding improved energy supply, which resulted in higher SNF in milk. In the nutritional point of view, the present study clearly showed CSS can be used as a roughage for dairy cows in the dry season.

Influence of Different Supplements on the Commercial Cultivation of Milky White Mushroom

  • Alam, Nuhu;Amin, Ruhul;Khair, Abul;Lee, Tae-Soo
    • Mycobiology
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    • v.38 no.3
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    • pp.184-188
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    • 2010
  • Calocybe indica, known as milky white mushroom, grows and cultivated in the sub-tropical and temperate zones of South Asia. We investigated the most suitable supplements and their levels for the commercial cultivation of milky white mushroom. Rice bran, maize powder, and wheat bran with their different levels (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50%) were used as supplements to evaluate the yield and yield contributing characteristics of C. indica. Primordia initiation was observed between 13.5 and 19.3 days. The results indicated that the 30% maize powder supplement was effective for producing viable fruiting bodies. The maximum diameters of the pileus and stalk were observed with 30% maize powder. The highest biological and economic yield and biological efficiency were also obtained with 30% maize powder as a supplement. The results indicate that increasing the supplement level resulted in less biological efficiency, and that 30% maize powder was the best supplement level for rice straw substrate to cultivate milky white mushrooms.

Korean Lignocellulosics and Portland Cement as a Structural Material (건축재로 국산목질과 포틀랜드 시멘트)

  • Ahn, Won-Yung;Moslemi, Ali A.
    • Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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    • v.12 no.4
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    • pp.36-46
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    • 1984
  • In order to investigate the inhibitory index (I) and the effects of hot water extraction treatments and addition of accelerators on the index in hardening of Korean lignocellulosics, portland cement (Type I) and water system, hydration tests were carried out on 8 Korean lignocellulosics, namely, Pinus densiflora, Pinus rigida, Pinus koraiensis, Abies holophylla, Larix leptoiepis, Populus alba-glandulosa, rice husk and rice stalk with or without hot water extraction or chemical additives. The inhibitory index of Pinus densiflora and Pinus rigida found to be suitable under limited conditions for composite without any treatment. With hot water treatment rice husk, Pinus koraiensis, Larix leptolepis, and A hies holophylla were reclassified from not suitable to suitable under limited conditions. Combining hot water extraction with chemical addition of accelerator, calcium chloride of magnesium chloride, Populus alba-glandulosa, Larix leptolepis, and Pinus rigida became highly suitable.

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A Study on the Preference and Satisfaction on the Menu of School Lunch Service of High School Students in Gyeongju Area (학교급식 메뉴에 대한 고등학생들의 기호도와 만족도에 관한 연구 -경주지역을 중심으로-)

  • Jung, Bo-Hwa;Byun, Gwang-In
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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    • v.21 no.5
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    • pp.481-490
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    • 2006
  • This study was performed by questionnaire to investigate the preference and satisfaction on the menu of school foodservice of high school students. This study aims at providing useful information to establish subdivided menu developing direction. The subjects were consisted of 637 high school students(435 males and 202 females, 5 direct type schools and 5 trust type schools) in Gyeongju area. The results of this study were: The preferred school foodservice menu of subjects was 'seasoned roast chicken', 'steamed pork rib', 'beef rib soup', 'yogurt', 'sandwiches', 'boiled rice with assorted mixtures', 'boiled rice', 'watermelon', 'spaghetti' in that other. On the other hand, the preference for 'spinach soybean soup', 'steamed Mideodeok', 'boiled lotus root', 'roasted sweetpotato stalk', 'chopped and seasoned cucumber' was very low. Males favoured rice and meats, while females liked better noodles and vegetables. Direct type foodservice students' preference scores were higher than those of type foodservice students in side dish menu categories. The preferred and satisfied menu of subjects was meats and sweet foods, and but the preference and satisfaction for vegetables and tough foods was very low.

Genetic Diversity of Fusarium proliferatum Populations from Maize, Onion, Rice and Sugarcane in Iran Based on Vegetative Compatibility Grouping

  • Alizadeh, Alireza;Javan-Nikkhah, Mohammad;Fotouhifar, Khalil-Berdi;Motlagh, Elahe Rabiee;Rahjoo, Vahid
    • The Plant Pathology Journal
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    • v.26 no.3
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    • pp.216-222
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    • 2010
  • Fusarium proliferatum is the causal agent of stalk and root rot disease of maize, foot rot disease of rice, basal and root rot disease of onion and knife cut disease of sugarcane in Iran. In recent years, incidence and severity of these diseases have been increased in Iran. Fifty seven F. proliferatum single-spore isolates collected from diseased maize, rice, onion and sugarcane plants at different areas were used to study genetic diversity by determination of vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs). Chlorate-resistant nitrate non-utilizing (nit) mutants were recovered from selected isolates of F. proliferatum and used in complementation tests. All isolates in which both nit1 and NitM (or nit3) mutants were recovered, demonstrated self-compatibility. Vegetative compatibility tests by pairing nit mutants identified 30 VCGs among 57 isolates. Twenty-three isolates belonged to singlemember VCGs and the remaining 34 isolates, belonged to other seven multimember VCGs. Segregation of F. proliferatum isolates obtained from various area and host plants into different VCGs in Iran is reported for the first time. In this study, none of isolates obtained from rice complemented with any other isolates from onion and sugarcane and, non complementation occurred between onion and sugarcane isolates. Also, only one complementation occurred between one isolate of maize and one isolate of sugarcane and rice. Thus, a correlation between VCGs grouping and host preferences was founded. It is concluded that natural populations of F. proliferatum in Iran are probably genetically divergent and include isolates representing a potential risk for disease development.

Research on the Effect of the Control Methods of Irrigation Water on the Growth and Yield of Paddy Rice. (한발기에 있어서 용수관리 방법이 수도생육과 그 수량에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구)

  • 김시원
    • Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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    • v.13 no.1
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    • pp.2177-2190
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    • 1971
  • This experiment was made to determienthe effect of various soil moisture contents in simulated drought conditions on different stages of rice growth. The drought conditions were developed at such three rice-growing stages as transplanting, immediately after transplanting and young ear forming. Three different lengths of drought periods, which are ten days, twenty days and thirty days, were applied for each growing stage of rice. The rice variety used this experiment is Nong-rim 29. This experiment was conducted at the university farm of the Kon-Kuk University during the period of $1968{\sim}1970$. Three reprications for each of 12 treatments and split plot design were employed in this study. Bottomless wood square boxes, $1^m{\times}1^m{\times}1^m$, were burried in the test plot and box top was covered with poloyethylene sheets to avoid natural rainfall drops. Standard plots were irrigated continuously with a water depth of 40mm/day and those of drought treatments were irrigated continuously up to the beginning of the planned drought period, and they were irrigated again with a depth of 40mm/day up to the maturing stage of rice. Other methods for rice raising followed those methods developed by the Field Crops Experiment Station of the Office of Rural Development. During this experiments, climatic conditions in regard to rainfalls, sunshine hours, and temperatures were observed. According to this observation, those values measured deviate slightly from the annual means. However the growing condition of rice plants were normal. The pH value of irritation water is nearly neutral, and soils in the test plots are relatively fertile, being similar to ordinary paddy soils. Analysis of variances for number of stalks, plan-height, ear sprouting date, length of stalks, ear length, number of ears per plant, fertility, grain weitght, weight of plant, and yield were carried out. The variances for plant height, ear sprouting date, length of stalk ear length, and yield has statistical significance under drought treatments applied at three different growing stages. The variance showing the effect of lengths of drought period is highly significant for all the treatments studied except that of grain weight. The interaction between drought periods and drought treatments at different growing stages is significant for plant height, stalk length, ear length, number of ears, fertility and yield, these results indicated that droughts at different growing stages have influence on plant height, ear length, yield, and length of drought period also has strong influence on all factors studied except grain weight. The combination of drought treatments at different rice growing stages and lengths of drought periods has different effects on various agronomic characteristics, including yield. Plant height under drought treatment practiced at transplanting stage is the lowest, and drought treatment applied immediately after transplanting resulted in the least number of stalks. The effect of different lengths of drought periods on plant height and number of stalks depends signis ficantly on increasing days of drought. Ear sprouting date tends to be delayed for one or two days undedrought treatments at transplanting period and with increasing days of drought. Better yield is secured in drought treatment applied immediately after transplanting. Adverse effect war observed when drought treatment was applied at ear forming period. These effects may be attributed to the alternation of irrigation and drought causing vigorous root activity. In general, yield linearly decreases as the length of the drought period increases. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that, in order to mimimize damage due to drought, and, to save irrigation water, paddy fields, immediately after transplanting, may be not irrigated, since there is sufficient moisture in the soil, and that sufficient irrigation water should be applied again in the ear forming stage of rice plant.

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The Intake, Preference, and Utilization of Kimchi in Female High School Students (여자고등학생의 김치 섭취, 기호도 및 이용 실태)

  • 박은숙;이경희
    • Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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    • v.5 no.4
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    • pp.598-607
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    • 2000
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate the intake, preference, and utilization of kimchi in female high school students. A questionnaire was used as the instrument of investigation. The subjects were 371 female high school students in Chonbuk province. More than 80% of the subjects had eaten 8 kinds of kimchies Korean cabbage kimchi, cubed radish kimchi, radish leaves kimchi, green onion kimchi, salted cucumber, watery radish kimchi, radish root & leaves kimchi, and Korean wild radish kimchi. The subjects living in urban areas ate more stalk of sweet potato kimchi and leaf mustard kimchi, however the subjects living in rural areas ate more sedum kimchi. The subjects in large families ate more leaf mustard kimchi and sedum kimchi. The preferred kinds of kimchi were radish kimchi, Korean cabbage kimchi, cubed radish kimchi, and cucumber radish kimchi. Seventy-four point four percent of the subjects liked kimchi, whereas 1.6% of them disliked it. The reason eating kimchi was 'custom'(59.0%), 'taste'(30.7%), 'nutrition'(4.3%), 'traditional flod'(2.7%), and 'parents advice'(2.7%). 38.4% of the subjects in urban area ate kimchi for taste whereas 25.0% of them in rural area did. They prefefrred 'well fermented', 'hot', and 'very pungent' kimchi. The preferred dishes made with kimchi were stir-fried rice with kimchi, kimchi stew, pan-fried kimchi, and rice with bean sprouts & kimchi.

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