• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제27권
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• pp.56-67
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• 1984

As in many other country, the use of organic matter in Korea has long history. Farmers understand the value of organic matter as the source of plant nutrient and soil improving agent in general. Since 50 years ago, the sources of organic matter in paddy soils were compost, rice and barly straw, green manure, animal waste, fish and beancake, etc.. Application of green manures such as vetch and chinese milk vetch showed no significant effect on the yield of brown rice in paddy soil. On the other hand, the effects of compost and rice straw showed more significant on the yield of brown rice in paddy soil. Application of rice straw in rice cultivation is commonly made at different times between harvest, early spring and several weeks before transplanting. Considering the suitable paddy soil for application of rice straw under well to moderately well drained soil, the yield was pronounced more than poorly drained soil. Based on laboratory and field experimants, application of rice straw promoted the decrease of oxidation-reduction potential in well to moderately well drained soil. This results to be enhanced the release of some mineral nutrients,. such as potassium, calcium, silicon, and increase of availability of soil phosphorus. In the field experiments, results obtained from nitrogen fraction on the immobilization-mineralization of the tracer nitrogen applied in paddy soil,the amount and index of organic nitrogen incoporated in soil was more pronounced in rice straw application than control. Rice straw and its transformation products incoporated in the soil, provided the inflow of energy necessary to maintain heterotrophic microbes activities. Rice straw and its transformation products, especially soluble carbohydrate, enhanced the population of free-living heterotrophic $N_2$ - fixing microbes. Moreover, rice straw and its transformation products in paddy soil, enhanced the activities of soil enzymes such as dehydrogenase and urease.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.335-340
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• 2016

Soil organic carbon plays an important role on soil physico-chemical properties and crop yields in paddy soil. However, there is little information on the soil organic carbon under different forage cultivation during winter season in rice paddy. In this study, we investigated the soil organic carbon and physico-chemical properties in 87 fields of paddy soil cultivated with Barley, rye, and Italian ryegrass (IRG) as animal feedstock during winter season. Organic carbon was 12.9, 14.3, and $16.9g\;C\;kg^{-1}$ in soil with barley, rye, and IRG cultivation, respectively. Among rice-forage cultivation systems, the rice+IRG cropping system was 19.5% higher than in the mono-rice cultivation. Bulk density ranged from 1.17 to $1.28g\;cm^{-3}$ irrespective of cropping systems, and had strongly negative correlation with the soil organic carbon in the rice+IRG cropping system. Carbon storage in rice+IRG cropping systems was average $29.6Mg\;ha^{-1}$ at 15 cm of soil depth, which was 20.4 and 10.3% higher than those of barley and rye cultivation. Increasing carbon storage in paddy soil contributed to the fertility for following rice cultivation. This results indicated that IRG cultivation during winter season could be an alternative and promising way to enhance soil organic carbon content and fertility of paddy soil.

• 한국식물병리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식물병리학회 2003년도 정기총회 및 추계학술발표회
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• pp.91.2-92
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• 2003

In order to elucidate influence of nutritional status on rice brown spot caused by Cochliobolus miyabeanus, rice cultivation soils and rice straws were collected from paddy fields where ice brown spot occurred severely, moderately, a little and none respectively. Rice plant materials were analyzed to measure inorganic nutrients in rice straws and rice seeds. Analysis of chemical properties of rice paddy soil showed that EC and contents of available phosphate, cation and silicic acid in soil with severe infections were lower than those in healthy soil. This result suggests that amount and holding capacity of nutrient contents in soils collected from paddy field with infection of C. miyabeanus are relatively low compared to those in soils collected from healthy paddy field. Analysis of inorganic nutrients in rice straws showed that amount of macronutrient elements such as silicic acids, available phosphate and total nitrogen, and micronutrients such as copper, iron and zinc in rice straws from paddy field with infection were lower than those in healthy soil. Especially amount of iron and silicic acid were very low in rice straws from paddy field soils with infection Amount of inorganic nutrients such as iron and zinc in rice seeds was the same trend as those of rice straws. These results showed that one of major factors affecting rice brown spot was amount of nutrient contents in soil and rice straw.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.187-192
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• 2010

In order to monitor the possibility of horizontal gene transfer between transgenic rice and microorganisms in a paddy rice field, the gene flow from a bifunctional fusion (TPSP) rice containing trehalose-6-phosphate synthase and phosphatase to microorganisms in soils was investigated. The soil samples collected from the paddy rice field during June 2004 to March 2006 were investigated by multiplex PCR, Southern hybridization, and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). The TPSP gene from soil genomic DNAs was not detected by PCR. Soil genomic DNAs did not show homologies on the Southern blotting data, indicating that gene transfer did not occur during the last two years in the paddy rice field. In addition, the AFLP band patterns produced by soil genomic DNAs from both transgenic and non-transgenic rice fields appeared similar to each other when analyzed by the NTSYSpc program. Thus, these data suggest that transgenic rice does not give a significant impact on the communities of soil microorganisms, although long-term observation may be needed.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.61-70
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• 2018

This study was carried out to review and compare crop cultivations upon chemical properties of paddy soil and qualitative characteristics of rice in Sejong-city from a point of view of farming extension to rice farmers and to utilize the result of the study as a basic guideline for precise agricultural practice. The pH in soils of Sejong was about 6.1-6.6 and had no difference with an average pH of paddy soils in Chung-Nam with pH 6.1. However, the average of organic matter, calcium (Ca) and available silicate in Sejong was lower than the average of them in Chung-Nam. The yields of rice were higher in 2010 than in 2011 and 2012, and the protein contents of rice were the highest in 2011 while the lowest water contents of rice in 2011. The protein contents upon regions were the highest in 2011 with 6.1%, and the amylose contents were the highest in Yeondong-myun, Jeoneu-myun, and Yeonseo-myun in 2010 while Kumnam-myun and Jeondong-myun were the highest in 2012. With the increase of precipitation, the protein content level in rice was increased while the amylose content level tended to decrease. Correlations between the chemical properties of paddy soil and the quality of rice and between level of organic matter in soil and amylose contents were negative (r = -0.507), and the correlation between the moisture contents and amylose contents (r = 0.419) and between the water contents and whiteness (r = 0.485) were positive. Because the quantity and quality of rice yield is determined by the soil characteristics, the consultation to farmers for the proactive soil analysis and for the maintenance of stable level of pH, organic matter and available silicate based on historical results of analysis is highly recommended. Also, the analysis on the effect of the weather and the soil characteristics affecting the quality and quantity of rice would be another good way.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.223-229
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• 2013

Sustainability index was calculated to determine the best management for rice productivity under long-term inorganic fertilizer management's practices. It is based on nutrient index, microbiological index and crop index related to sustainability as soil function. Indicators for calculating sustainability index were selected by the comparison of soil properties and rice response in paddy soil with fertilization. Total twenty two indicators were determined to assess nutrient index, microbiological index and crop index in order to compare the effect of different fertilization. The indices were applied to assess the sustainability with different inorganic fertilizer treatments such as control, N, NK, NP, NPK, NPK+Si, and NPK+Compost. The long-term application of compost with NPK was the highest sustainability index value because it increased nutrient index, microbial index and crop index. The use of chemical fertilizers resulted in poor soil microbial index and crop index, but the treatments like NP, NPK, and NPK+Si were maintained sustainability in paddy soil. These results indicate that application of organic and chemical fertilizer could be a good management to improve rice sustainability in paddy soil.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.45-71
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• 2001

The duck-rice forming system is increasingly spread up throughout Korea since 1992. It is discussed the rice field, rice quality, weed and pest management in the duck-rice weeding system compared to conventional farming system. Moreover the optimizing duck population, system management and fertilizer application rate were reported. Energy input and output by duck-rice farming system were carefully compared with those of low input sustainable paddy field and conventional farming paddy field. To find out the environmentally sound function of duck-rice system, the total nitrogen in paddy soil and paddy water, and nitrogen cycle in paddy rice cultivation system were analysed. finally the input and output were calculated, and ecological characteristic were determined in terms of nitrogen balance, labor input, animal input, renewable energy input, turnover of soil organic matter, energy loss, non-renewable indirect and direct energy input. It was concluded duck-rice weeding system could be recommended in terms of net only environmentally sound, but also farmer's income. But there are still some research needs for successful adaption of duck-rice farming to investigate to determine the optimal population of duck in rice paddy field unit, release time of duckling, duck management after release, and strategy for duck marketing and duck processing.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.2968-2979
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• 1973

The aim of this study was to bring light on the effect of permeability to yield weight of paddy rice on the compressed soil. a) The percolation volume during the growth of paddy rice reduced, while the degree of compression on soil column increased and varied by the evaporation and absorption volumn. b) The percolation volume in the natural soil column was notably low compared with that of in the artificial and had little influence to the variation of permeabilty by compression. c) The results in growth of paddy rice were best on the section of low compression and the yield weight reduced, while the degree of compression on the soil column increased. d) The relationship between the yield weight and percolation volumn, under the condition when percolation volume is 1mm/day, had little difference in the yield weight but immediately reduced under $0.5{\sim}1.0mm/day$. The consequences of investigation are not so perfect, but have done my best to get some new data for effect on additional yield by inquiring into influences of permeability to the yield weight of paddy rice on compressed paddy field. I will have a great pleasure if treatise helps investigaters or the men of affairs in this field.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제30권8호
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• pp.659-671
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• 2021

The physicochemical properties of soil and the yield and quality of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Sailmi) were assessed using Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. cv. Kowinearly)-rice double cropping systems in the paddy fields at Goseong and Miryang in southern Korea. The average temperatures during the ripening period were approximately 1 ℃ higher than the optimal temperature for rice ripening and the sunshine duration was reduced by frequent rainfall. Consequently, it was slightly below the optimal conditions required for rice ripening. In the soil at Goseong, winter Italian ryegrass cropping increased the pH, electrical conductivity, and the contents of organic matter, total nitrogen (T-N), available P₂O₅, K, Ca, and Mg than winter fallowing. Particularly, the contents of T-N and available P₂O₅increased significantly. In the soil at Miryang, Italian ryegrass slightly increased the electrical conductivity and the T-N, Mg, and Na contents. Therefore, winter Italian ryegrass cropping improved the physicochemical properties of paddy soils; however, Italian ryegrass-rice double cropping slightly reduced the culm length at both Goseong and Miryang, without markedly changing the panicle length or number compared to fallow-rice cropping. Furthermore, at Goseong, Italian ryegrass-rice double cropping slightly decreased the spikelet number and milled rice yield, and increased the ripened grain rate; however, at Miryang, contrasting results were observed. In addition, fallow-rice cropping revealed no differences in the head rice or opaque rice rates. The protein content was slightly increased in Italian ryegrass-rice double cropping, without significant changes in the amylose content or Toyo value, compared to that in fallow-rice cropping. The peak and breakdown viscosities were slightly decreased. These results indicate that winter Italian ryegrass cropping might alter rice taste but may not exhibit remarkable negative effects on rice cultivation. Therefore, Italian ryegrass-rice double cropping system is recommended for paddy fields in southern Korea. Nevertheless, to increase the rice yield and quality, fertilization standards for rice cropping that consider the changes in the T-N and organic matter contents in paddy fields caused by winter Italian ryegrass cropping need to be established.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.177-186
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• 1971

벼생육기간에 있어서 논토양에 시용된 퇴비 생집 등의 유기물 효과를 밝히기 위하여 시험했든 기존성적들을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 토양개량제의 면에서 배수가 양호한 토양에서는 퇴비의 효과가 인정되었고 습답이나 배수불량한 논토양에서의 효과는 보지 못했다. 2. 생집의 효과는 토양조건에 따라 퇴비의 효과보다 한정되어 있으며 생집은 초기 벼생육을 억제하고 후기양분 보존 면에서 효과가 있었다. 3. 생집시용시의 수종문제점도 역시 논의되었다.