• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.56-68
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• 2003

The objects of this study are to find out (1) real situation of the food supply in prison under Imperial Government of Japan more cleary (historical meaning) and (2) which might help in understanding wrong present food consumption patterns in Korea which causes environmental as well as health problems. It is generally known that the length of the Japanese occupation for Korea is 36 years. However, it is concluded in this study that it was longer (70 years ; from 1875 to 1945 from when Japanese Army attacked and occupied Yungjongdo and Kanghwado island to e time when they were defeated on World War II.) Korea was annexed by Japan in 1910 then the Imperial Government of Japan dismissed the Korea Army, controlled the Office of Justice and the management of prison by force. Since then about 50% of all land was fell into Japanese Government ownership and 80% of Korean farmers became as tenant. After this change, Korea farmers were forced to pay extremely high rent (up to 80% of its harvest). Forced immigration, low price procurement of grain by Japanese government up to more than 30%of their production, was practiced. Accordingly, the food situation of Korean farmers became miserable, which may caused more violations of Imperial Japanese Law. Malnutrition, epidemic diseases, mortality rate of infants soared and average life expectancy shortened to 20-30 years old. This was the period of World Economic Crises and Food Crises in Japan. It was said then that if one Japanese comes to Korea then 200 Koreans will starved to death. Meanwhile, Proconsul Bureau of Chosun requested to the Department of Medicine, the Imperial University of Kyungsung to survey food supply situation of Koreans in prison throughout Korea. Objectives of the survey then was not only to find out scientifically whether it is agreeable in maintaining prisoner's health and also find out the possibility to save food during food crisis. Survey was started from 1923 and ended in 1945, and it focussed on prisoners in the Seodaemoon Prison. This report is the outcome of the first survey. They concluded that the food supplied was nutritionally (had) no problem, in compare with those of workers in the factory, students in the dormitory in Japan and with those of prisoners in Taiwan, France and Germany. Amount of grain supplied were different according to their work lord and was divided into 9 different levels. Total grain was consisted of 50% millet, 30% soybean and 20% indica rice(variety). However, there were no difference in the amount of supply of side dishes between work groups. For the highest working group, 3280g of boiled grain per day was supplied to make stomach full but as a side dishes, salty fermented bean paste, fermented fish and salty soups, etc. was supplied. Deficiency of animal protein were observed, however, high intake of soybean may possibly caused animal protein deficiency problem. On the contrary, the intake of water soluble vitamins were insufficient but the level of calcium and iron intake seems to be sufficient, however, imbalance of intake of nutrition may caused low absorbtion rate which might caused malnutrition. High intake of dietary fiber and low intake of cholesterol may possibly prohibited them from so called modem disease but may caused the defect in disease resistancy againist epidemics and other traditional disease. Over intake of salt(20-30g per day) was observed. Surveyors who attended in this survey, mentioned that the amount of food intake may nutritionally be sufficient enough but the quality of food(and possibly, the taste of food) were like that of animal feed. For the officials who received this report might consider that considering the war situation and food crisis, the supply situation of food in the prison may considered to be good enough(because they are not starving). But as a Korean who studied this report, one feel extremely pity about those situation because (situation of) those period were very harsh under the Imperial Law and keeping the Law by Koreans were almost impossible, therefore, about one third adult violated the Law and were put into jail. And they were treated like animals.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.242-254
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• 2015

Barley is a main food source, along with rice, in our dietary life that is easy to buy and process. It is required to develop a beverage base and barley syrup for desserts in order to raise utilization of barley beyond its present use in Sikhye (sweet fermented rice drink) and Jocheong (grain syrup) production. In pursuit of the goal to increase the usability of barley as an ingredient of processed food, this study examined the optimal preparation conditions of barley mash for barley syrup. In addition, the study prepared a barley syrup using saccharified barley liquid, analyzed quality characteristics, and conducted a sensory evaluation. Saccharified barley liquid(barley mash) was prepared with ratios of adding malt of unhulled barley germinated as 0 g(CON), 10 g(BM10), 20 g(BM20), and 30 g(BM30). The results of measuring pH under the varied conditions of saccharification temperatures from $50^{\circ}C$, $60^{\circ}C$, and $70^{\circ}C$, as well as time from 1 to 8 hours, treveal that the optimum condition for malt saccharification is $60^{\circ}C$ for 5 hours. By adding oligosaccharides and lemon juice to the saccharified barley liquid at the different ratios of added malt, this study measured quality characteristics(color value, viscosity, pH, sweetness) of barley syrup warmed up for 1 hour. As the result of measuring color in the barley syrup prepared by saccharified barley liquid, higher levels of added malt saw L-value decreased while a-value and b-value both increased. BMs30 showed the highest viscosity of $1,202.67{\pm}3.06$. As for pH, BMs30 was the highest at pH $3.57{\pm}0.02$. The result of the sensory evaluation of barley syrup showed the superior sensory characteristics of BMs20 in terms of color, flavor, sweetness, viscosity and overall quality.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.63 no.1
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• pp.8-17
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• 2018

Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) refers to seed germination during ripening, due to loss of dormancy before harvest. As PHS in rice causes decrease in grain yield and quality, tolerance to PHS is an important trait of Japonica cultivars in Korea. It is important to investigate the related genes and environmental factors, because PHS is a quantitative trait. In this study, we examined PHS rates at three different times according to the cumulative daily mean temperature after heading (CTAH) for 5 rice cultivars released in Korea for 5 years from 2013 to 2017 to determine the effect of environmental factors on PHS. ABA content in ripening spikelets was analyzed to understand how it was related to PHS tolerance. PHS rate increased as CTAH increased from $800^{\circ}C$ to $1200^{\circ}C$. PHS rate was significantly different (p < 0.001) among the cultivars, showing Dasanbyeo, Jounbyeo, and Nampyeongbyeo to be PHS-tolerant, and Jopyeongbyeo and Gopumbyeo to be susceptible at all the CTAH of 800, 1000, and $1200^{\circ}C$. In 2015 and 2016, PHS rates were relatively higher, because of high temperature and frequent rainfall during the ripening period. In each cultivar, ABA content decreased as CTAH increased from $800^{\circ}C$ to $1200^{\circ}C$. However, there was no significant correlation between ABA content and PHS tolerance among the cultivars.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.945-953
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• 2010

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of swine liquid manure (SLM) on rice grown in Yeonggwang-gun in 2008. The treatments consisted of SLM and chemical fertilizer (CF) based on the recommended amount of nitrogen (11 kg N $10a^{-1}$). The Total N content of the SLM used was 2,881 mg $L^{-1}$. Plant height at the early stage of growth and tiller number were not significantly different between plots applied with swine liquid manure and those with chemical fertilizer in all areas. Plant height at the later stage of growth, lodging and yield were not significantly different between plots applied with swine liquid manure and those with chemical fertilizer in three areas (Baeksu, Gunnam, Beopseong). Plant height at the later stage of growth, as well as lodging were higher in SLM plots than in chemically fertilized plots in Yeonggwang and Yeomsan. However, grain yield was lower in SLM plots than in chemically fertilized plots in these areas. Soil organic matter content and exchangeable cations increased in the swine liquid manure applied plots. Moreover, heavy metal content did not increase in the plots treated with swine liquid manure. Further research to determine the suitable rate of swine liquid manure is needed to reduce lodging damage and to increase the yield and quality of rice.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 1999.11a
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• pp.102-144
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• 1999

The major problems of food crop cultivation in Korea are low yield of most crops except rice. inefficient cultivation techniques for aged farmers. and low international competibility. Therefore, development of cultivation techniques of food crops should aim the yield. quality improvement, labor reduction and production cost. The primary issue for increasing the yield of soybean, barely and wheat is to reduce the yield gap between the farmer's yield and recommended ones of experiment station. More advanced cultivation techniques needs to be developed. and/or the conventional breeding methods to be reconsidered. The newly developed labor-saving mechanized technique needs to reduce labor hours , and the cost of agricultural implements and machineries. In other words the labor-saving mechanized technique should be developed based on the improvement of total farming system as well as systemic fundamental innovation of cultural methods. The efficiency of solar energy use in food production of Korea in 1997 is as low as $0.52{\%}$ so there is much room to increase yield. It is recommendable that the concept of food Production should be changed to energy Producing efficiency Per unit area basis from volume and weight of food materials. Moreover, introduction of resonable cropping system is needed to increase yield of main crops, farmer's income, solar energy use efficiency, and decrease of land service expenditure. Current cropping system emphasized on economic crops. especially in vegetables , is not desirable for resonable use of arable land. stability of agricultural management and staple food crop self-sufficiency ratio. It is desirable to increase food crops . that are energy of carbohydrate and protein rich and land dependent crops. in cropping system. And the agronomist should develop the cultural methods to replace food crops for food self-sufficiency and stable farming management instead of economic crops in current cropping system. Low-input and environmentally-sound crop cultivation techniques, especially nitrogen-reducing culture technique which is directly related to food crop quality, also needs to be developed urgently. The extended cultivation of corn in upland and barely and wheat in lowland as a feed stuffs is recommended to prevent further decrease of food self-sufficiency ratio, which is mainly caused by the high reliance on imported feed grain. It is also considered that the calculation and presentation methods of standard agricultural income needs to be improved. The current calculation method uses unit land area of 10a regardless of crop kinds , characteristics of agricultural management and cultivation scale. So, it is apt to lead misunderstanding of farm income value. Therefore. it should show an income of average farmers for certain number of years. Research and developing system for food producing is not desirable because they are conducted currently individual crop and mono-culture basis. But actual agricultural income is usually earned by cropping system including upland and lowland. For example. the barley and wheat is usually cultivated in double cropping system. The cooperation among research institutes such as university agribusiness. government and farmers is indispensible. The public information and education on importance and consumption habit of food crops is necessary in Korean society to increase food self-sufficiency through nationwide cooperation.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.513-518
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• 2017

The quality and physicochemical characteristics of newly developed Sunsik products were investigated. Sunsik A, B, and C were prepared under different roasting temperatures and times (A: $220^{\circ}C$, 15 min; B: $220^{\circ}C$, 25 min; C, D, E: $230^{\circ}C$, 15 min). Sunsik D was prepared using grain flours passed through a 100 mesh screen, whereas the other products were passed through a 140 mesh screen. Sunsik E was prepared by the addition of germinated grains. The moisture content of Sunsik products ranged from 3.24-7.10%. The viscosity and sugar content ranged from 57-74 cP and $1.5-1.7^{\circ}Bx$, respectively. The pH values were similar among the samples. Sunsik D had the highest gelatinization enthalpy, whereas Sunsik C had the lowest. The viable cell counts were in the range from 3-4 log CFU/g and coliform groups were not detected. Sunsik B and E had higher scores for savory flavor and sweet taste than other Sunsik products.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.603-612
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• 2021

Objective: We have tested our hypothesis that inclusion of purified glycerol as a replacer of portions of dried distillers grain with solubles (DDGS) would affect growth performance, rumen fermentation and blood parameters, carcass and sensory traits, reducing sugar and glycogen contents, and volatile compound profiles in longissimus thoracis (LT) in Korean cattle steers. Methods: A total of 20 Korean cattle steers (27.0±0.2 months old; 647±10.5 kg body weight [BW]) were assigned to a conventional control group or a glycerol group (3.17% purified glycerol addition as a replacement for DDGS and molasses). The steers were individually allowed to receive the experimental concentrate at the daily amount of 1.5% of their individual BW and a total 1.0 of kg/d of rice straw twice daily. The feeding trial was conducted for a period of 20 weeks. Results: Glycerol supplementation (GS) increased (p = 0.001) concentrate intake. However, GS did not affect (p>0.05) average daily gain, feed efficiency, and ruminal volatile fatty acid concentrations. GS tended to increase (p≤0.10) serum glucose concentrations at the 16th and 20th weeks. GS decreased (p = 0.001) LT pH. GS did not affect (p>0.05) carcass traits and the chemical or physicochemical compositions, reducing sugar or glycogen contents, sensory traits, and most of volatile compounds in the LT. Conclusion: The inclusion of purified glycerol as a replacement for DDGS in the finishing diet did not affect growth performance, rumen fermentation parameters, and carcass quality in Korean cattle. The purified glycerol could be used as a substitute for other energy sources such as DDGS in beef cattle, depending on the price.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.296-306
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• 2014

This study was conducted to survey and analyze the quantity of various organic wastes and to vitalize the utilization of agri-food by-products as raw materials for Total mixed ration (TMR), to improve feed cost savings and the quality of animal products. On-the-spot obstacles for animal farmers, along with legal and institutional alternatives are presented. The results are as follows. First, organic wastes in Korea are managed by the Allbaro system created in the Wastes Control Act, which processes 10,488 tons of cooking oil waste, 832,493 tons of animal and plant residues, 5,740 tons of animal carcasses, 1,171,892 tons of animal residues, and 2,172,415 tons of plant residues including 12,905 tons of rice hull and bran, for a total of 4,205,931 tons. Raw materials for TMR, namely rice hulls and bran as well as plant residues, accounted for 51.7% of the total national organic waste. The top 10 municipalities process 76~100% of all organic wastes and a supply management system is needed for the waste. Second, the 10 major agri-food by-products used as raw materials for TMR are bean curd by-product, rice bran, oil-cake, brewers dried grain, Distiller's Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS), barley bran, soy sauce by-product, citrus fruit by-product, mushroom by-product and other food by-product (bread, noodles, snacks, etc.). Third, the biggest difficulties in using agri-food by-products are legal obstacles. Because agri-food by-products are regulated as industrial wastes by the Waste Control Act, animal farmers that wish to use them have legal reporting obligations including the installation of recycling facilities. To enable the use of agri-food by-products as raw materials for TMR, waste management system improvements such as 'the end of waste status' and the establishment of more than 10 public distribution centers nationwide are deemed essential.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.677-684
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• 2005

This study investigated the changes in physicochemical characteristics after 120 days of aging Korean red pepper paste, 'Kochujang', made of minor cereals in substitution for glutinous rice which has been conventionally used as starch source. The cereals used were waxy job's tears, proso millet, sorghum, barley and foxtail millet, Glutinous rice with barley was used as controls. The items determined were water activity, pH, content of amino nitrogen, chromaticity and sensory test. 1. The water activities(Aw) of Kochujang samples were in range of $0.72{\sim}0.82$ at the beginning of fermentation, with Aw barley paste bing the lowest, and Aw of sorghum paste bing the highest. Then Aw were slowly decreased to the range of $0.49{\sim}0.50$ during 120 days of fermentation 2. The pH of the pastes was in range of $4.94{\sim}5.02$ at the initial time of fermentation, and decreased steadily to 4.32{\sim}4.73 at the end. 3. The content of amino nitrogen was in range of $330.9{\sim}340.7\;mg%$ at the early time of fermentation. The highest content, $351{\sim}381\;mg%$, was observed at the 90th day of aging of glutinous rice paste, 105th day of job's tears paste, 75th day each of barley and proso millet, and 60th day each of sorghum and foxtail millet. 4. The Hunter tristimulus values (L, a, b) of all pastes were gradually decreased during fermentation. The value of barley paste was lowest among the pastes. 5. The texture of barley paste in sensory test showed significant difference with other pastes, whereas there were no differences in color, odor, taste and sensory qualities.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.1937-1947
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• 1970

This experiment was conducted, making use of the 'NONG-RIM No, 6' a recommended variety of rice plant for the year of 1969. Main purpose of the experiment are to explore possibilities of; a) ways and means of saving irrigation water and, b) overcoming drought at the same time so that an increaded yield in rice production could be resulted in Specifically, it was tried to determine the effects of the Rotation Irrigation method combined with differentiated thickess of Lining upon the growth and Yield of rice production. Some of the major finding are summarized in the follows. 1) The Different thicknesses show a significant relationship with the weight of 1000 grains. In the case of 3cm Lined plot, the grain weight is 39.0 Grams, the heaviest. Next in order is 6 cm lined plnt, 5 day control plot, 6 day control plot. 2) In rice yield, it is found that there is a considerably moderate signicant relationship with both the different thickness of lining and the number of irrgation, as shown in the table No,7. 3) There is little or no difference among different plot in terms of; a) physical and chemical properties of soil, b) quality of irrgation water, c) climatic condition, and rainfalls. 4) It is found that there is no significant relationship between differences in the method of rotation irrgation and the number of ears per hill because of too much rainydays and low temperature during irrigation season. 5) In uyny1-treated plots, it is shown that there is on difference among different plots, but the irrigation water requirement saved as much as 1/2 to actual irrigation water compare to uncontroled plot. 6) The irrigation water requirement for 48 days is saved as much 67% compared to uncontroled plot, the order are; the 9cm lined plot, the plot of vinyl with no hole, the plot with a hole of $1cm/m^2$ as shows in fig 15. 7) The rate of percolation of 40-30mm/day is decreased to 30-20/day. It is found that the decreasad rate of percolation due to vinyl-cutoff in footpath. 8) The growing condition was fine, and there was no found that decease and lageing as always submerged plot. 9) It is found that it must be constructed irrigation and drainage system, inlet and outlet perpect, respectly, of which could be irrigation water saved and would be inereased the irrigation water temperature.