• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.161-166
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• 2012

This study was performed to investigate the feeding effects of different additives on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of Holstein steers. Twenty-four Holstein steers, five months of age and 176.6 kg, were randomly allocated to three experimental groups of eight animals each for an 18-month feeding trial. The groups were control (not additive), T1 (fed zinc, vitamin C, and sulfur), and T2 (fed choline and lysine). The average daily gain was no different between the treatment groups during the growing to early fattening period, but it was significantly higher in the T1 group than the T2 group in the late fattening period (p<0.05). The final BW of the T1 group was relatively high in relation to the other groups, but was not significantly different. The additives had no effects on DMI during the experimental period; however, the feed conversion ratio of the T1 group in the late fattening period was significantly lower than that of the T2 group (p<0.05). The results of yield traits, carcass weight, and yield index were similar between groups, but back fat thickness and rib eye area were relatively lower in the T2 group than in the other groups. In terms of quality traits, meat color, texture, and maturity were not significantly different between the three groups. However, marbling score and appearance rate of high quality grade ($1^{++}$, $1^+$, and 1) were higher in the T1 group compared with the T2 group. Thus, the present results suggest that vitamin C, zinc, and sulfur supplementation may improve the growth performance and carcass characteristics of Holstein steers.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.414-418
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• 2016

This study tested the association between genetic polymorphisms of the isocitrate dehydrogenase 3, beta subunit (IDH3B) gene and economic traits in an F₂ crossbred population of Landrace × Jeju (South Korea) Black pigs. A 304-bp insertion/deletion mutation in promoter region was screened for determining genotypes of the IDH3B gene in a total of 1,105 F₂ pigs. Three genotypes (AA, AB, and BB) were identified in the founder, F₁, and F₂ populations. Association analysis showed significant differences in carcass weights (CW), backfat thicknesses in three positions of the body (4^th-5^th ribs, BF5; 11^th-12^th ribs, BF12; 13^th rib-1^st lumbar, BFL), and carcass lengths (CL) (p<0.05), but not in meat color (MC), eye muscle area (EMA), or marbling scores (MARB) (p>0.05). The F₂ IDH3B BB homozygotes showed heavier CW (80.790±0.725 kg) and shorter CL (101.875±0.336 cm) than the other genotypes (p<0.05). In addition, the BF levels between the 4^th - 5^th and 11^th - 12^th vertebrae were thicker in the carcasses of pigs with the IDH3B BB genotype than with the other genotypes (p<0.05). These results suggested that genetic variations in the IDH3B gene may serve as molecular genetic markers for improving the Landrace × Jeju Black pig crossbreeding systems.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.223-228
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of fermented spent mushroom substrates (F-SMS) of Flammulina velutipes on growth performance, carcass traits, and economic characteristics of Hanwoo steers. A yeast strain (Saccharomyces sp. UJ14) and Bacillus strain (Bacillus sp. UJ03) isolated from fresh spent mushroom substrates of Flammulina velutipes were used as probiotics to prepare F-SMS. Twenty-four Hanwoo steers (14 months old) were allocated to three dietary treatments via a randomized block design and were slaughtered at 30 months of age. These treatment groups included Control (TMR), T1 (TMR containing 10% of F-SMS) group, and T2 (TMR containing 30% of F-SMS). Body weight gain was not influenced by the experimental diets. DM and TDN intakes in the finishing period were significantly (p < 0.05) greater in group T1 than in other groups. CP intake was significantly (p < 0.05) greater in group T2 than in other groups during the whole experimental period. Among carcass traits, rib-eye area and back fat thickness tended to increase with F-SMS supplementation. The appearance rate (%) of a meat yield more than grade A was the highest in group T1. The net profits increased by 1.2% and 13.3% in groups T1 and T2, respectively. In conclusion, if a proper feeding program (including feed safety) can be ensured, spent mushroom substrates of Flammulina velutipes can prove to be a highly profitable feed source for Hanwoo steers.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.305-312
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• 2010

Seventy two Hanwoo steers in final fattening period ($585.87{\pm}41.02kg$) were randomly assigned to 3 groups, LPLT (relatively low protein and low energy; CP 12%, TDN 73%), LPHT (relatively low protein and high energy; CP 12%, TDN 75%) and HPHT (relatively high protein and high energy; CP 14%, TDN 75%) in concentrate feed for 163 days in order to investigate the effects on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and longissimus dorsi muscle's chemical compositions. Rice straw was also fed as a roughage. Because ADGs were higher in LPLT and HPHT than LPHT, feed efficiencies were improved in LPLT and HPHT group (P<0.05). Feeding concentrates with different CP and TDN levels had affected to improve back fat thickness and rib eye area in HPHT group but had no effect on carcass weight and meat yield index. Carcass weight for LPLT, LPHT and HPHT were $420.75{\pm}30.56$, $417.05{\pm}32.03$ and $418.32{\pm}32.03kg$, respectively. Meat quality grade was improved in HPHT (P<0.001), because the marbling score was highest in HPHT group. Auction prices (carcass/kg) of LPLT, LPHT and HPHT group were 17,904 won, 18,094 won and 18,899 won, respectively. The percentage of animals over grade 1 appeared in LPLT, LPHT and HPHT were 79.2, 72.7 and 90.8%, respectively. The results of chemical analysis of longissimus dorsi muscle showed no difference between groups but crude fat composition tended to be higher in HPHT group (P=0.088) than the other groups. Stearic acid contents in the muscle was significantly increased in HPHT group than LPLT group (P<0.05). Myristoleic acid and oleic acid composition in HPHT group was higher than LPLT and LPHT group. These results supported the hypothesis that supplementation of higher levels of crude protein and energy in concentrates to Hanwoo steers' during final fattening period improved the growth performance and the carcass quality grade.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.351-358
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• 2013

This study was conducted to estimate the correlation structure between body size traits, carcass traits, and primal cuts in Hanwoo steers. Hanwoo progeny test data (body weight and body measurements) were collected from 2008 to 2010 from a total of 882 steers at the Hanwoo Improvement Main Center (NACF). Carcass traits considered were cold carcass weight, eye muscle area, backfat thickness, and marbling scores evaluated at the time of carcass grading. Correlation analyses were performed with observed scales of the traits and with residuals considering fixed environmental effects in generalized linear models. The correlation coefficient estimated between loin weight and chest girth was high at 0.74. The shank negatively correlated with pelvic width (-0.23) and hipbone width (-0.27). In addition, rib weight and chest girth was highly correlated (0.80). The correlation between carcass weight and chest girth was 0.86 in observed scale. Residual correlation between these traits was estimated at 0.65. Correlation between carcass weight and loin was 0.87 in the observed scale. Residual correlation was estimated at 0.83. The correlation coefficient estimated between shank weight and brisket and flank weight was negative at -0.69. Chest girth had a high correlation between primal cuts weight and body measurements. Thus, we believe that these results will provide a greater understanding on the relationship of primal cuts and other phenotypes, thus enabling valid production models for Hanwoo steers.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the dietary effect of total mixed rations (TMR) containing brewers grain, soybean curd and rice straw, respectively, on growth performance and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers. Twenty four Hanwoo steers (average body weight 168 kg) in 6 months age were randomly allocated to 4 experimental groups, which contained 6 animals per group during 22-months feeding trial. The treatment was composed of the group fed concentrate and rice straw separately (T1), the group fed TMR containing brewers grain (T2), the group fed TMR containing soybean curd (T3) and the group fed TMR containing rice straw (T4). Body weight (BW) was not different among treatment groups during the growing and middle fattening period. However, it was significantly greater in T4 group than in T2 group on the final BW (p<0.05). Average daily gain was significantly greater in TMR groups compared to T1 group on the growing and late fattening (p<0.05). However, it was not different in total average. Dry matter intake tended to be increased in TMR groups. The feed conversion ratio was significantly lower in T4 group compare to T2 group (p<0.05). According to the yield traits, carcass weight of T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 389.0, 368.4, 387.5 and 384.3 kg, respectively. The back fat thickness, rib-eye area, and yield index were not different among the groups. Meat color, fat color, texture and maturity were not significantly different among groups. However, marbling score and appearance rate of meat quality grade of over $1^+$ were greater in T2 and T3 groups compare to other groups. Therefore, these results indicated that TMR with brewers grain and soybean curd may be ameliorated the growth performance and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding patterns of concentrates on growth performance, blood parameters and carcass characteristics in Hanwoo cows. Randomly-allocated groups, restricted concentrate feeding (T1), restricted concentrate feeding for 6 months and ad libitum 2 months (T2), restricted concentrate feeding for 4 months and ad libitum 4 months (T3), were contained with 9 animals. According to feeding patterns of concentrate, growth performance was not significantly different among the treatment groups. However, ADG tended to be higher in T2 group (0.75 kg/d) compared to the other groups (T1: 0.62 kg/d, T3: 0.72 kg/d). DMI was not significantly different among the treatment groups, interestingly, rice straw intake was significantly higher in T1 group compared with others (p<0.05). There were significant difference among feed conversion ratio, which are 17.8, 12.8, and 14.1 kg for T1, T2, and T3 (p<0.05), respectively. The serum level of albumin, triglyceride, glucose and GPT were greater in T3 group compared to other groups at fattening 6 to 8 months (p<0.05). The results of yield traits, carcass weight, back fat thickness and rib eye area were not differ among treatment groups, but yield index was significantly greater in T2 group compared to T1 group (p<0.05). The 'A' appearance rate (%) of meat yield grade was highest in T2 group for 78%. The marbling score, meat color, fat color, texture and maturity in quality traits were not differ among the treatment groups. However, marbling score and appearance rate (%) of over 1st meat quality grade were tend to be increased at T3 rather (4.0, 56%) group compared with other groups (T1: 3.4, 56%; T2: 3.6, 33%). Thus, the present study suggested that restricted concentrate feeding (1.6% of BW) for 4 months during early fattening periods and ad libitum feeding for 4 months during late fattening periods are recommendable.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.583-592
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• 2005

This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary copper levels on performance, carcass characteristics, and economical analysis in Hanwoo steers. Fifteen Hanwoo steers weighing about 300kg were randomly allotted into one of three treatments. The three treatments consisted of Control(7mg Cu/kg feed), TI(12mg Cu/kg feed) and TII(17mg Cu/kg feed). Copper was formulated with concentrate from copper sulfate($CuSO_4$) and animals were fed the diets supplemented with copper from 300kg untill about 630 kg of body weight. Dietary copper levels did not affect daily weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency during the whole feeding period. Dressing percentage, rib eye area and backfat thickness were not different between animals fed the diets supplemented with copper. Animals fed the diets supplemented with copper received the same B grade in yield grade. Animals fed the diets supplemented with copper received same marbling score. Beef color, fat color, texture and maturity were not affected by Cu supplementation in diet. Animals received the same first grade between treatments in quality grade. Animals fed the diet supplemented with 12mg of copper per kg diet was higher in profit by 13.3% than animals fed the control diet. According to these results, it may be concluded that performance, yield and quality grade were not affected by the Cu levels of 7 to 17mg per kg feed but crude income was enhanced when Hanwoo steers were fed the diet containing 12mg Cu/kg feed.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.397-408
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• 2003

This study was conducted to examine the feeding effects of FFWBG (fermented feedstuff with wet brewer’s grain) and GS(grinding soybean) in Hanwoo steers. For this research, total twenty steers(average body weight : 455.7$\pm$25.9kg) were grouped into control(formula feed), T1(formula feed:FFWBG=60:40), T2(formula feed:GS=80:20), T3(formula feed:FFWBG:GS=50:40:10), and T4(formula feed: FFWBG:GS=40:40:20), each treatment was allocated to four steers. There was a tendency to be increased average daily gain in T1, T2, T3 and T4 compared with the control even though no statistical significance was found. The feed conversion of T1, T2, T3 and T4 were beneficially better than that of control(P<0.05; 8.25, 9.44, 6.69 and 7.71 vs 11.90, respectively). The blood urea nitrogen concentration of T4 was higher than that of control(P<0.05), but the creatinine concentration of T4 was lower than that of control(P<0.05). The glucose concentration of T1, T2, T3 and T4 were higher than that of control(P<0.05; 59.39, 62.44, 62.17 and 54.00 vs 51.00mg/$d\ell$, respectively). The back-fat thickness of T3 was thicker than that of control, T1, T2 and T4. The rib-eye area of T1, T3 and T4 was wider than that of control. Appearances percentage of ‘A’ ranked meat quantity were 66, 33, 75 and 33% in control, T1, T2 and T4, respectively.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.395-406
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• 2009

Fifty four Hanwoo steers in final fattening period were assigned to 3 groups control, top dressed $PROSOL^{(R)}$ as an emulsifier (TP) and DSP group (experimental diet made to down spec of nutrients with $PROSOL^{(R)}$, which is sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate), based on the body weight (647.96${\pm}$41.31 kg) and months of age (27.3${\pm}$0.8 mo), and the experiment was conducted to establish the reasonable fattening method of Hanwoo steers for 91 days. Average daily body gains during trial were 0.94, 0.84 and 0.98 kg in control, TP and DSP, respectively (P=0.011). DDMI/ADG of TP group tend to lightly improving compared to control and DSP group (P=0.692). There was no effect of supplementation of the $PROSOL^{(R)}$ in concentrates on growth rate, feed efficiency and shrinkage in Hanwoo steers during the short final fattening period. MQI from TP and DSP was not different based on the rib-eye area and carcass weight in carcass than that from control. Back fat thickness tended to be thicker than control (P>0.05). Marbling score, texture and maturity for TP and DSP was abundantly to increase compared to control (P<0.003). There was significantly increment in supplemented $PROSOL^{(R)}$ (P<0.0001). The meat quality grade of control, TP and DSP were 2.94, 3.78 and 4.50, respectively. Related to this result, the auction price (carcass/kg) were gained significantly (P<0.003) from control (17,560), TP (18,586) and DSP (19,266 won) so which the monetary return was the highest in DSP and the differences was recognized between TP and DSP. Percentage over 1st grade appeared in control, TP and DSP were 55.4, 88.9 and 100.0%, respectively. These results supported the hypothesis that supplementation of emulsifier improve the marbling score and the carcass quality grade by increased digestibilities of the feed fat in Hanwoo steers in fattening period.