• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.71-96
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to identify research that included the rhythmic auditory stimulation (RAS) technique and to compare this body of research within the field of music therapy with that in physical therapy. Forty-five studies were identified that were published from January 1999 through November 2018, and these were analyzed in terms of intervention procedure, type of rhythmic cueing, and therapeutic basis described by the researcher. While research in both fields used rhythmic cueing as the primary therapeutic agent, differences were found in the area targeted by training and specific type of rhythmic cueing used. Research conducted in the field of music therapy focused primarily on gait function, while research in the field of physical therapy tended to address gait-related physical issues, such as balance, muscle strength, and proprioceptive sensation as well as gait. While all of the identified studies from the field of music therapy used music for cueing, a metronome was used more often for cueing in physical therapy research. In terms of description of theoretical basis, theory of entrainment was more sufficiently described in music therapy research. These results indicate that while music therapy research maximized the role of various elements of music in intervening in gait function, physical therapy research addressed gait in relation to other physical functions. Considering that both aspects are essential for gait training, this study supports the need for a multidisciplinary approach to neurological rehabilitation with RAS.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.81-90
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• 2015

This study aimed to determine the effects of Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation (RAS) using music and a metronome on the gait of stroke patients. 13 female and 15 male volunteers were randomly allocated to two groups: namely a group to receive RAS using music and a metronome group (the experimental group; $n_1=14$) and a group to receive RAS using a metronome only (the control group; $n_2=14$). The affected side was the left side in 15 subjects and the right side in 13 subjects. The mean age of the subjects was 56.6 years, and the mean onset duration of stroke was 8.6 months. Intervention was applied for 30 minutes per session, once a day, 5 times a week for 4 weeks. To measure the patients' gait improvement, we measured gait velocity, cadence, stride length, double limb support using GAITRite, body center sway angle using an accelerometer, and Timed Up-and-Go test. Functional Gait Assessment were conducted before and after the experiment. The paired t-test was used for comparisons before and after the interventions in each group. Analysis of covariance was used for comparisons between the groups after the interventions. Statistical significance was set at ${\alpha}=.05$. Within each of the two groups, significant differences in all of the dependent variables before and after the experiment (p<.05) were observed. However, in the comparison between the two groups, the experimental group showed more significant improvements in all dependent variables than the control group (p<.05). Our results also suggest that in applying RAS in stroke patients, the combination of music and a metronome is more effective than using a metronome alone in improving patients' gait.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.69-78
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify whether inclined treadmill gait training with rhythmic auditory simulation (RAS) could improve on balance and gait in stroke patients. Method: Fifteen stroke patients who had agreed with the study were allocated to the group 1(n=5), group 2(n=5), or group 3(n=5). The group 1, group 2 and group 3 performed RAS with inclined treadmill gait training, inclined treadmill gait training and treadmill without incline gait training respectively for 3 weeks (30 minutes per session, 5 times in a week). The balance was assessed using Timed Up & Go (TUG) and Berg Balance Sale (BBS), and the gait was evaluated using 6 Minutes Walking Test (6MWT) and spatio-temporal walking variables as walking speed, cadence, Single Limb Support of affected side(SLS) and Symmetric Index(SI) before and after training. Result: Both the group 1 and group 2 showed significant improvement after training in all variables of balance and gait. The group 3 showed significant improvement in TUG values, 6MWT values, walking speed, cadence and SI. The changes in the group 1 were significantly greater in all dependent variables of balance and gait than those of the group 2 and group 3. The changes in the group 2 were significantly greater in TUG values, BBS scores, 6MWT values, walking speed, and cadence than those of the group 3. Conclusion: The result of this study show inclined treadmill gait training with RAS is more effective to improve balance and gait in stoke patients than inclined treadmill or general treadmill gait training without RAS.

• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-17
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to examine how rhythmic auditory stimulation (RAS), one of music therapy techniques for neurological rehabilitation, affects the factors of hemiplegia patients' turning gait and straight gait. This study is designed to compare elimination and intervention of music therapy for 4 weeks with repeated measure plan and measure factors are classified into 21 sub-factors. The subjects of this study were 4 patients who need walking training and they were requested by physical therapist a march and a lied were used to cure them by a researcher. Each session was composed of warming up, RAS gait training, ending. The music used for RAS gait training was provided with speed which was set to patient's own gait speed measured before music therapy. The speed was provided fast gradually and each session was proceeded for 50 minutes. The results of this study showed that walking abilities increase in the segments with music therapy (B) compared to those in the segment without music therapy (A), and this supports the previous report that the application of music therapy together with other treatments has a positive effect on improvement in the patient's walking abilities. In addition, this study is meaningful in that it demonstrated that RAS music therapy is helpful to improve walking abilities not only in straight gait but also in turning gait.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.2187-2196
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of gait training using rhythmic auditory stimulation on gait symmetry of stroke patients. Forty chronic stroke patients were divided into four groups by intervention. Group A and B received auditory stimulation when they walk with comfortable gait speed. Group A received auditory stimulation to paralyzed side while group B to non-paralyzed side. Group C and D received auditory stimulation with 10% faster gait speed than their comfortable gait speed. Group C received auditory stimulation to paralyzed side while group D to non-paralyzed side. Gait training using auditory stimulation was done in each group during five minutes. Gait symmetry was evaluated by formula and temporal variables of gait were measured by gait analysis system. Step time was decreased significantly in all groups except group A (P<.05), and gait symmetry was also improved significantly in all groups except group A (P<.05). Cadence was increased significantly in all groups except group A (p<.05), but velocity was not increased in all groups. Therefore we conclude that RAS gait training is effective in improving gait symmetry and can be useful to stroke patient's gait training.

• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.19-36
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of rhythmic auditory stimulation (RAS) on gait parameters, with and without the presence of a melody, for adolescents with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Three adolescents with TBI received a total of ten individual RAS training sessions. At pre and posttest, spatiotemporal parameters including cadence, velocity and kinematic parameters were measured using the VICON 370 Motion Analysis System. The results showed no significant difference in gait velocity between the two conditions, thus the presence of the melody condition did not impact the outcome of RAS gait training. On the other hand, all participants showed improvement in gait function after RAS training. The cadence, velocity, stride length, and symmetry were increased and the stride time was reduced after training. The motion analysis demonstrated that the movement patterns of hip and knee joints improved, as they were more similar to normal gait, which indicates that the walkings tance became more stable. The research findings indicate that rhythm is the primary factor in mediating gait functions via RAS training. This study also supports that RAS training can effectively improve the gait function for adolescents with TBI.

• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.65-81
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• 2010

This single case study is to examine the gait parameter changes of a 12-year old patient with Cerebellar Astrocytomas using RAS in gait training program. Kinematic and temporospatial changes were analyzed using VICON 370 Motion Analysis System. A total of nine RAS gait training sessions was provided and each training program took 30 minutes. Gait analysis revealed that the patient showed improvement in cadence, velocity, stride length, and step length and improved the range of joint movements by showing gait patterns similar to normal distribution from a pathological pattern. This study showed possibilities to apply the RAS technique to the various population including clients with cerebellum damaged; however more further research should be done in this area.