• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제31권12호
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• pp.1081-1088
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• 2009

Rhodamine B (RhB)의 제거를 위해 철 전극을 이용한 전기응집 (EC) 공정의 성능에 대해 연구하였다. RhB 제거 효율에 대한 전극 물질 (알루미늄, 철), 전류밀도, NaCl 첨가량, 초기 pH 및 초기 염료 농도와 같은 운전인자의 영향을 연구하였다. 이들 운전 인자에 대한 최적 운전 범위는 실험을 통하여 결정되었다. 희생 전극 물질로서 철 전극의 성능이 알루미늄 전극보다 우수하였다. 최적 전기분해 시간, 전류밀도, NaCl 첨가량 및 pH는 각각 10 분, 1630 A/$m^2$, 4 g/L 및 중성의 pH 이었다. 최적의 공정 조건하에서 RhB 농도가 230 mg/L인 조건에서 RhB는 효과적으로 제거되었고 (> 93.4%), RhB의 COD도 역시 감소하였다(> 88.9%). RhB의 색도와 COD 제거에 대한 상기 조건에서의 전기 에너지 소비량은 각각 10.3 and 10.8 kWh/kg RhB으로 나타났다. 전기응집 공정은 RhB와 같은 염색폐수 처리에 효과적인 것으로 나타났다.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.14-21
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• 1999

The immunogenicity of the recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor (rh-bFGF) was investigated by tests for active systemic anaphylaxis (ASA), passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA), passive hemagglutination (PHA) and guinea pig maximization test (GPMT) in mice or guinea pigs. Guinea pigs were sensitized with rh-bFGF ($100-1000\;\mu\textrm{g}/kg$) or rh-bFGF-CFA mixture ($1000\;\mu\textrm{g}/kg$). All animals sensitized with rh-bFGF alone or mixture with CFA showed symptoms of anaphylactic shock. IgE antibodies to rh-bFGF were detected in sera obtained from rh-bFGF and rh-bFGF-Alum ($1000\;\mu\textrm{g}/kg$) sensitized mice, indicating that rh-bFGF has immunogenicity eliciting potential. IgG and/or IgM antibodies to rh-bFGF were also detected in all the sera obtained from sensitized mice by PHA. In the GPMT for delayed type skin reaction, no skin reaction was observed in sensitized guinea pigs after intradermal injection and dermal application of 0.01% rh- bFGF. However, these positive reactions were consistent with the results of another rh-bFGF, showing that rh- bFGF is a heterogenous protein to rodents. Considering the fact that rh-bFGF is a genuine human protein of which structure is identical to the endogenous human bFGF, it is thought that rh-bFGF is rarely associated with immunological problems in clinical use.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.667-674
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• 2009

This study has carried out to evaluate the effect of NaCI as electrolyte of single (electrolysis and UV process) and complex (electrolysis/UV) processes for the purpose of removal and mineralization of Rhodamine B (RhB) dye in water. It also evaluated the synergetic effect on the combination of electrolysis and UV process. The experimental results showed that RhB removal of UV process was decreased with increase of NaCl, while RhB removal of electrolysis and electrolysis/UV process was increased with increase of NaCI. The decolorization rate of the RhB solution in every process was more rapid than the mineralization rate identified by COD removal. The latter took longer time for further oxidation. Absorption spectra of an aqueous solution containing RhB showed a continued diminution of the RhB concentration in the bulk solution: concomitantly, no new absorption peaks appeared. This confirmed the decolorization of RhB, i.e., the breakup of the chromophores. It was observed that RhB removal in electrolysis/UV process is similar to the sum of the UV and electrolysis. However, it was found that the COD of RhB could be degraded more efficiently by the electrolysis/UV process than the sum of the two individual process. A synergetic effect was demonstrated in electrolysis/UV process.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.137-146
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• 2014

Objectives: Feasibility of electrochemical oxidation of the aqueous non-biodegradable wastewater such as cationic dye Rhodamine B (RhB) has been investigated in an electrochemical reactor with solid polymer electrolyte (SPE). Methods: Nafion 117 cationic exchange membrane as SPE has been used. Anode/Nafion/cathode sandwiches were constructed by sandwiching Nafion between two dimensionally stable anodes (JP202 electrode). Experiments were conducted to examine the effects of applied current (0.5~2.0 A), supporting electrolyte type (0.2 N NaCl, $Na_2SO_4$, and 1.0 g/L NaCl), initial RhB concentration (2.5~30.0 mg/L) on RhB and COD degradation and $UV_{254}$ absorbance. Results: Experimental results showed that an increase of applied current in electrolysis reaction with solid polymer electrolyte has resulted in the increase of RhB and $UV_{254}$ degradation. Performance for RhB degradation by electrolyte type was best with NaCl 0.2 N followed by SPE, and $Na_2SO_4$. However, the decrease of $UV_{254}$ absorbance of RhB was different from RhB degradation: SPE > NaCl 0.2 N > $Na_2SO_4$. RhB and $UV_{254}$ absorbance decreased linearly with time regardless of the initial concentration. The initial RhB and COD degradation in electrolysis reaction using SPE showed a pseudo-first order kinetics and rate constants were 0.0617 ($R^2=0.9843$) and 0.0216 ($R^2=0.9776$), respectively. Conclusions: Degradation of RhB in the electrochemical reactor with SPE can be achieved applying electrochemical oxidation. Supporting electrolyte has no positive effect on the final $UV_{254}$ absorbance and COD degradation. Mineralization of COD may take a relatively longer time than that of the RhB degradation.

• 한국환경과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경과학회 2008년도 추계학술발표회 발표논문집
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• pp.350-354
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• 2008

전기/UV 공정에 사용하기 위해 일반적인 살균 램프인 UV-C 램프와 오존도 같이 발생하는 오존 등의 RhB 분해능을 고찰한 결과 오존 램프의 RhB 제거율이 UV-C램프보다 높은 것으로 나타났다. 전해질을 첨가하지 않은 전기/UV 공정에서 최적 전류는 1 A로 나타났다. 전기/UV 공정에서 RhB 제거의 경우 전기분해 공정과 UV 공정의 단일 공정의 RhB 농도감소와 전기/UV 복합 공정의 RhB 제거는 같아 공정의 시너지 효과는 관찰되지 않았다. 그러나 COD의 경우 전기분해 공정과 오존 램프에 의한 단일 공정의 COD 제거보다는 전기/UV 공정의 COD 제거농도가 높아 시너지 효과가 나타나는 것으로 사료되었다.

• 한국환경과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경과학회 2006년도 추계 학술발표회 발표논문집
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• pp.350-352
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• 2006

전류가 0.5 A에서 1.0 A로 변할 때 RhB 농도 감소가 크게 나타났으나 1.0 A 이상에서는 더 이상의 농도 감소가 없어 1 A가 최적 전류라고 사료되었다. 전극 간격을 1-3 cm로 변화시켜 RhB 농도감소를 고찰한 결과 전극간격에 따른 RhB 농도감소는 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으나 전력량을 감안하면 전극 간격이 좁을수록 유리하다고 사료되었다. 양극과 음극 모두 철 전극을 사용한 것이 RhB 농도가 감소가 가장 높았으며 전극 모양에 따른 RhB 농도 감소는 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.59-64
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• 2002

The photocatalytic decolorization of the Rhodamine B (RhB) was studied using a UV/TiO$_2$ reactor. Yakuri titanium dioxide(anatase) was used as the suspended photocatalyst and proved to be effective for decolorization irradiated with UV light (254 mm). The photocatalyzed dioxide concentrations, light intensity and air flow rates. In 0.01 mM RhB, color could be completely photodegraded after 3 hours. Absorption spectrum of an aqueous solution containing RhB showed a continued diminution of the RhB concentration in the solution bulk : concomitantly, no new absorption peaks appeared. This confirmed the decolorization of RhB, i.e., the break up of the chromopore. The optimum loaded titanium dioxide for the decolorization was 0.75 g/(equation omitted). The light intensity showed exponential decay with distance. The decay of light intensity of RhB solution showed different tendency from TiO$_2$. These results suggested that the photocatalytic decolorization of dyes may be available method for decolorizing in wastewater.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.439-445
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• 2008

The feasibility study for the application of the removal and mineralization of Rhodamine B (RhB) was performed in a batch electrochemical reactor. The electro/UV process was consisted of DSA (dimensionally stable anode) electrode and UV-C or ozone lamp. The experimental results showed that RhB removal by the ozone lamp was higher than that of the UV-C lamp. Optimum current of the electro/UV process was 1 A. The electrochemical, UV and electro/UV process could completely degrade RhB, while a prolonged treatment was necessary to reach a high level RhB mineralization. It was observed that RhB removal in electro/UV process is similar to the sum of the UV and electrolytic decolorization. However, it was found that the COD of RhB could be degraded more efficiently by the electro/UV process (90.2 %) than the sum of the two individual oxidation processes [UV (19.7%) and electrolytic process (50.8%)]. A synergetic effect was demonstrated between the UV and electrolysis.

• 폴리머
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.421-426
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• 2008

pH감응형 P(MAA-co-EGMA) 수화젤을 분산 광중합을 이용하여 마이크로 크기의 미세입자로 합성하고 화장품 제형으로서의 응용 가능성을 평가하기 위하여 모델 탑재물질인 Rh-B와 화장품 분야에서 기능성 물질로 사용되는 ascorbic acid, adenosine, EGCG, arbutin을 이용하여 탑재 및 방출 거동을 조사하였다. Rh-B 탑재의 경우, pH 6.5인 수용액에서 이온화에 의한 P(MAA-co-EGMA) 수화젤의 음전하와 Rh-B의 양전하 사이의 정전기적 인력으로 인하여 가장 높은 탑재효율을 나타내었다. 그러나 화장품 기능성 물질들의 경우, pH 6.5 수용액에서 이온화된 P(MAA-co-EGMA) 수화젤의 음전하와 기능성 물질들이 나타내는 음전하 사이의 정전기적 반발력 때문에 상대적으로 낮은 탑재효율을 나타내었다. Rh-B를 사용한 방출실험 결과, p(MAA-co-EGMA) 수화젤 미세입자는 높은 pH에서는 다량의 Rh-B를 그리고 낮은 pH에서는 소량의 Rh-B를 방출하는 pH 감응성 방출거동을 나타내었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.268-276
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• 2017

Background: UV-B-exposed keratinocytes secrete various paracrine factors. Among these factors, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) stimulates the proliferation of melanocytes. Ginsenosides, the major active compounds of ginseng, are known to have broad pharmacological effects. In this study, we examined the antiproliferative effects of ginsenosides on bFGF-induced melanocyte proliferation. Methods: We investigated the inhibitory effects of Korean Red Ginseng and ginsenosides from Panax ginseng on bFGF-induced proliferation of melan-a melanocytes. Results: When melan-a melanocytes were treated with UV-B-irradiated SP-1 keratinocytes media, cell proliferation increased. This increased proliferation of melanocytes decreased with a neutralizing anti-bFGF antibody. To elucidate the effects of ginsenosides on melanocyte proliferation induced by bFGF, we tested 15 types of ginsenoside compounds. Among them, Rh3, Rh1, F1, and CK demonstrated antiproliferative effects on bFGF-induced melanocyte proliferation after 72 h of treatment. bFGF stimulated cell proliferation via extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation in various cell types. Western blot analysis found bFGF-induced ERK phosphorylation in melan-a. Treatment with Rh3 inhibited bFGF-induced maximum ERK phosphorylation and F1-delayed maximum ERK phosphorylation, whereas Rh1 and CK had no detectable effects. In addition, cotreatment with Rh3 and F1 significantly suppressed bFGF-induced ERK phosphorylation. Western blot analysis found that bFGF increased microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) protein levels in melan-a. Treatment with Rh3 or F1 had no detectable effects, whereas cotreatment with Rh3 and F1 inhibited bFGF-induced MITF expression levels more strongly than a single treatment. Conclusion: In summary, we found that ginsenosides Rh3 and F1 have a synergistic antiproliferative effect on bFGF-induced melan-a melanocyte proliferation via the inhibition of ERK-mediated upregulation of MITF.