• Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.449-460
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• 2018

Objective: Prior functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) work has revealed that children/adolescents with disruptive behavior disorders (DBDs) show dysfunctional reward/non-reward processing of non-social reinforcements in the context of instrumental learning tasks. Neural responsiveness to social reinforcements during instrumental learning, despite the importance of this for socialization, has not yet been previously investigated. Methods: Twenty-nine healthy children/adolescents and 19 children/adolescents with DBDs performed the fMRI social/non-social reinforcement learning task. Participants responded to random fractal image stimuli and received social and non-social rewards/non-rewards according to their accuracy. Results: Children/adolescents with DBDs showed significantly reduced responses within the caudate and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) to non-social (financial) rewards and social non-rewards (the distress of others). Connectivity analyses revealed that children/adolescents with DBDs have decreased positive functional connectivity between the ventral striatum (VST) and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) seeds and the lateral frontal cortex in response to reward relative to non-reward, irrespective of its sociality. In addition, they showed decreased positive connectivity between the vmPFC seed and the amygdala in response to non-reward relative to reward. Conclusion: These data indicate compromised reinforcement processing of both non-social rewards and social non-rewards in children/adolescents with DBDs within core regions for instrumental learning and reinforcement-based decision-making (caudate and PCC). In addition, children/adolescents with DBDs show dysfunctional interactions between the VST, vmPFC, and lateral frontal cortex in response to rewarded instrumental actions potentially reflecting disruptions in attention to rewarded stimuli.

• 지식경영연구
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.173-193
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• 2019

Reward-based crowdfunding is a funding platform that allows funds to be raised to early operators who have lack of funds, and is seen as an outstanding infrastructure that is going to lead the fourth industrial revolution in that it is a field of realization of new technologies and creative ideas by start-ups. Reward-based crowdfunding has grown in line with the trend of the fourth industrial revolution, and funding success cases are taking place in various industries that culture/art to technology/IT, including as a new means of knowledge management in a rapidly changing industrial environment. The study focused on the fact that consumer's donation purposes may also vary depending on the category of projects classified as reward-based crowdfunding. Because consumer payment decisions and motivation of consumer purchasing behavior are classified according to the purpose of purchase, the previous papers that the goal gradient effect that the main motivation of consumer donation for reward-based crowdfunding introduced vary depending on project category of utilitarian and hedonic. In this study, consumer's daily donation data is collected by Indiegogo which is a leading reward-based crowdfunding company using web-crawling and the model was defined as propensity score matching (PSM) and random effect model. The results showed that the goal gradient effect occurred in utilitarian project category, but no goal gradient effect for the hedonic project category. Furthermore, this paper developed the study of motivation of consumer donation and contributes theoretical foundation by the results consumer donation may vary depending on the project category; also, this paper has implications for an effective marketing strategy depending on the project category leaves real meaning to the projector.

• 산업융합연구
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.9-16
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• 2023

연구는 경영자 능력이 보상정책(보상수준 및 성과-보상 민감도)에 미치는 영향에 대해 분석하였다. 이를 위해 2012년부터 2019년까지 금융업을 제외한 코스피 및 코스닥 상장기업을 대상으로 최종 14,150 기업-연도 자료를 활용하였다. 실증분석 결과, 경영자 능력이 높을수록 차기 보상수준은 증가하지만(경영자 능력가설), 성과-보상 민감도는 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 경영자 능력과 보상 사이 양(+)의 관계를 통해 경영자 능력가설을 재확인하면서, 경영자 능력에 대한 높은 보상이 성과에 기인하기 보다는 성과 이외 경영자 능력에 대한 추가적인 보상일 수 있다는 점을 의미한다. 본 연구는 경영자 능력과 보상체계의 보다 복합적인 효과를 살펴보았다는 점에서 기존 연구와의 차별성 및 기여점을 가진다.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보통신학회 2022년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.110-113
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• 2022

신호를 제어하는 방식은기존의 전통적인 수학적 방식을 이용한 최적화를 넘어 이제 인공지능이 본격적으로 활용되기 시작하는 단계까지 발전하였다. 이에 따라 인공지능을 적용하는 방안에 대해 다양한 연구들이 진행되고 있는데, 현행 연구에서는 주로 좋은 교통 상황에 대한 마땅한 고려 없이 간단히 지체도만을 고려하여 보상함수를 설정하는 방식을 주로 채택하고 있다. 그러나 이 경우 현실성이 떨어지는 신호 제어 방식을 인공지능이 학습할 가능성이 존재한다는 문제점을 지닐 뿐더러, 보상 함수에서 좋다고 평가하는 것이 실질적인 서비스 수준의 정의에 부합하지 않음을 확인할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 기존의 보상함수 설정 사례를 분석하고, 개선 방향을 제시하고자 한다.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.287-296
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• 2020

The study investigates the relationship and influence between religiosity, reward, and engagement in the public administration sector, both directly and causally via moderation. This study involved one hundred and twenty-three respondents in three local government organizations in Malang City, East Java Province, Indonesia, namely, the Malang City General Hospital, the Population and Civil Registry Office, and the Investment Office. The sampling method uses stratified random sampling from the total population of civil servants in Malang in the three institutions. The data analysis model of this study uses a quantitative approach with a unit of data analysis using the path analysis method. The analytical tools used are smart-PLS and SPSS. The results reveal that the direct combined effect of reward and religiosity has a positive and significant influence on the engagement. However, moderation between reward and commitment, which is bridged by religiosity, does not show positive and significant results. The non-positive relationship shown by testing moderation concludes that there is a separation of purpose between the portion of religiosity in the world of work, where religiosity in this study is only described as part of the concept of worship, and the relationship between the person and his God.

• 한국게임학회 논문지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.57-66
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• 2009

퀘스트(Quest) 시스템은 MMORPG에서 콘텐츠를 제공하는 핵심 시스템 중 하나이다. 퀘스트디자인 업무에서 퀘스트 보상 설정은 게임 내 작용하는 여러 구성 요소의 높은 조합 복잡도로 인해 적절한 보상 수준을 산출하기가 어려운 문제에 속한다. 본 논문에는 퀘스트 보상 문제를 순회 판매원 문제(Traveling Salesman Problem, TSP)로 모델링하여 해결함으로써 적절한 보상수치를 자동적으로 산출해 낼 수 있는 기법을 제안하였다. 이를 통해 퀘스트 디자인 단계에서 퀘스트 보상 수치 확정을 위한 강도 높은 테스트 부담을 줄이고 정확한 보상 수치를 산출하는데 도움이 될 것이다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.329-337
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the determinants of job satisfaction of hospital nurses. The focus was on work rewards. A causal model of job satisfaction of hospital nurses was constructed based on situational perspectives. Methods: The sample for this study consisted of 505 nurses from 2 general hospitals located in Seoul and Kyeonggi Province, Korea. Data were collected with self-administrated questionnaires and analyzed by hierarchical multiple regression. Results: All variables except workload were positively correlated with job satisfaction. It was found that three task reward variables(workload, meaning, and participation), two organizational reward variables(security and promotional chances) and one social reward variable(family support) had significant influence on nurses' job satisfaction. The explained variance for job satisfaction was 41.4%. The data further indicate that task rewards were the most significant determinants of nurse job satisfaction. Conclusion: Theses findings provide strong empirical evidence for importance of task, organizational and social reward variables in explaining job satisfaction of nurses. The model used for this study will be useful for predicting nurse job satisfaction.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.43-51
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• 2020

Purpose: This study demonstrated and analyzed the role of distributive justice and procedural justice in explaining the organizational effectiveness of flight attendant. In addition, analyzing the role of the airline type in the coordination between reward justice and organizational effectiveness. Research design, data and methodology: An abstract is the impact relationship between the reward justice and organizational effectiveness of flight attendant and the adjustment effect of the airline type was reviewed. To examine these research models, samples were collected from 281flight attendants during Nov, 2019. Results: Reward justice has a positive effect on organizational effectiveness, and the types of airlines have a meaningful adjustment effect in terms of the effect of reward justice on organizational effectiveness. Conclusions: Procedural justice and distributive justice have positive influence on two sub factors of organizational effectiveness of the flight attendant. It suggests that the standards, procedures and processes of compensation must be fair, the degree of effort, the stress or the tension of the flight attendant should be considering, and it is necessary for the airline to respect the personality of the flight attendant and provide them with accurate compensation information in a timely manner. This will increase the awareness of reward.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제6권9호
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• pp.2202-2217
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• 2012

The transmission opportunities between nodes in Delay Tolerant Network (DTNs) are uncertain, and routing algorithms in DTNs often need nodes serving as relays for others to carry and forward messages. Due to selfishness, nodes may ask the source to pay a certain reward, and the reward may be varying with time. Moreover, the reward that the source obtains from the destination may also be varying with time. For example, the sooner the destination gets the message, the more rewards the source may obtain. The goal of this paper is to explore efficient ways for the source to maximize its total reward in such complex applications when it uses the probabilistic two-hop routing policy. We first propose a theoretical framework, which can be used to evaluate the total reward that the source can obtain. Then based on the model, we prove that the optimal forwarding policy confirms to the threshold form by the Pontryagin's Maximum Principle. Simulations based on both synthetic and real motion traces show the accuracy of our theoretical framework. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the performance of the optimal forwarding policy with threshold form is better through extensive numerical results, which conforms to the result obtained by the Maximum Principle.

• 한국공간구조학회논문집
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.39-46
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• 2022

Recently, machine learning is widely used to solve optimization problems in various engineering fields. In this study, machine learning is applied to development of a control algorithm for a smart control device for reduction of seismic responses. For this purpose, Deep Q-network (DQN) out of reinforcement learning algorithms was employed to develop control algorithm. A single degree of freedom (SDOF) structure with a smart tuned mass damper (TMD) was used as an example structure. A smart TMD system was composed of MR (magnetorheological) damper instead of passive damper. Reward design of reinforcement learning mainly affects the control performance of the smart TMD. Various hyper-parameters were investigated to optimize the control performance of DQN-based control algorithm. Usually, decrease of the time step for numerical simulation is desirable to increase the accuracy of simulation results. However, the numerical simulation results presented that decrease of the time step for reward calculation might decrease the control performance of DQN-based control algorithm. Therefore, a proper time step for reward calculation should be selected in a DQN training process.