• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.321-331
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• 2013

Objective: The aim of this study is to review the literatures on the regulation, standard and guideline for the human vibration in Korea and other countries. Background: This review can be used to prevent various diseases caused by the human vibration as a basis for the development of the policy. Results: In Korea, the general employers' duties related to human vibration are set forth the Health Measures(Article 24) in the Occupational Safety and Health Act. And then an employer shall take measures to protect the health of the workers concerned by improving other working conditions relating to working hours for the vibration prevention measures referred to in Article 24 of the Act. The European Union adopted a Directive in 2002 on minimum requirements for the health and safety of workers exposed to vibration. New Regulations on Vibration at Work will be introduced in Great Britain on 2005 to implement the Directive. In the U.S., both ANSI and ACGIH adopted the ISO standard for measurement and suggested exposure action and limit values. In Japan, the Ministry of Labor decided that the vibration syndrome among operators of rock drills and riveters etc. could be included in an occupational disease(1947). In addition, ISO standard was based on proposals and draft documents of many countries such as U.K, Japan and European, etc. Conclusion: In Korea, Occupational Safety and Health Act prevent vibration to health, but do not include exposure limits. It is therefore important to consider the new duties regarding to vibration risks added to the general duties.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.140-144
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• 2017

Fire protection for nuclear power plants should be designed according to the concept of "Defense in Depth" to achieve the reactor safety shutdown. This concept focuses on fire prevention, fire suppression and safe shutdown. Fire prevention is the first line of "Defense in Depth" and the licensee should establish administrative measures to minimize the potential for fire to occur. Administrative measures should include procedures to control handling and use of combustibles. Electrical cables is the major contributor of fire loads in nuclear power plants, therefore electrical cables should be fire retardant. Electrical cables installed in nuclear power plants should pass the flame test in IEEE-383 standard in accordance with NUREG-0800, "Standard Review Plan for the Review of Safety Analysis Reports for Nuclear Power Plants". To assure the fire retardant of electrical cables during design life, both aged and unaged cable specimens should be tested in accordance with IEEE-383. It can be generally thought that the flammability of electrical cables has been increased by wearing as time passed, however the results from fire retardant tests performed in U.S.A and Korea indicate the inconsistent tendency of aging and consequential decrease in flammability. In this study, it is expected that the effective methodology for validation of fire retardant performance would be identified through the review of the results from fire retardant tests.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.123-131
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• 2005

The central third of the patellar tendon and hamstring tendons(semitendinosus and gracilis) are the most frequently used tissues for intra-articular replacement of the anterior cruciate ligament(ACL). At present, many surgeons consider the central third patellar ten don graft to be the gold standard for replacement of the ACL. Recent prospective studies by Marder et at and Aglietti et al, however, have failed to show any statistically significant differences in knee stability and functional outcome between central third patellar tendon grafts and hamstring tendon grafts. The review of this article is to (1) review the historical use of hamstring tendon grafts for ACL reconstruction; (2) discuss indications for use of hamstring tendon grafts for ACL reconstruction; (3) describe our present operative technique using a combined double-looped semitendinosus and gracilis graft with $RIGIDFIX^{circledR}$ and $INTRAFIX^{circledR}$ and (4) review the results of hamstring ACL reconstructions.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.284-296
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• 2015

Purpose: The aim of this study was to provide basic data on the intervention for depression program development and application by analyzing the depression intervention studies for women that were published in Korea Journal (2000~2014). Methods: The research method used was the integrative review. Nine studies were reviewed from the Nursing Articles and National Assembly Library of which 41 studies were from 126 research papers that met the inclusion criteria and analyzed using MINORS (Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies) and according to general characteristics. Results: There were non-equivalent control group pre-post test design (78%) in research design. 44% of articles in sample size were 14~26 participants and measuring tools were used CES-D (29%), BDI (I & II, 22%), GDSSF-K (22%). In quality of research according to MINORS, most of the papers got 2 scores except for the items of sample size calculation standard. Even though the similar intervention program were reported, the results could not compare because of diverse contents, duration, methods, and measuring tool with intervention program. As the results, aroma, massage, and counseling programs seemed to have significant effects of depression alleviation. Conclusion: The standard tailored program and measuring tool for depression alleviation of women was needed to develop.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.66
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• pp.149-170
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• 2015

State's compensation obligation accompanied in case of indirect expropriation of foreign investor's investment asset has been established definite principle under international investment law. But the concrete and unified application criterion regarding valuation methods for measuring compensation have not been established yet. The World Bank investment guideline is adopting the Hull's Formula, which is understood as the full compensation standard with prompt adequate effective compensation and Fair Market Value method. It is a general principle that compensation should be equal to the fair market value of investment asset just before indirect expropriation date. However, there is a problem of the valuation method of fair market value of investment asset. In general, discounted cash flow, liquidation value, replacement value, book value, etc. can be the applicable standards. Arbitral tribunals determine compensation by adopting proper valuation method on a case-by-case basis according to the discretion based on the arbitration parties' experts' review on the presented opinion and by considering fact relevance of the issued dispute. This compensation includes also interest, recently it tends to award according to compound interest rather than simple interest. Beginning of the period to generate interest is the next day of the indirect expropriation occurrence date. And it should be considered that interest until the payment of compensation is also included. In addition, it should be considered that mental damages is available only when there's a basis to prove this or special case. Therefore, this study suggests to review of precedents related to indirect expropriation and concretely specify compensation valuation standard and method of indirect expropriation on investment agreements through enough consultation beforehand.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.528-533
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• 2021

Bladder acontractility affects several thousand patients in the United States, but the available therapies are limited. Latissimus dorsi detrusor myoplasty (LDDM) is a therapeutic option that allows patients with bladder acontractility to void voluntarily. Our goal was to conduct a systematic review of the literature to determine whether LDDM is a better option than clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) (standard treatment) in patients with bladder acontractility. On January 17, 2020, we conducted a systematic review of the PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Clinical Answers, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases, without time frame limitations, to identify articles on the use of LDDM for bladder acontractility. Of 75 potential articles, 4 fulfilled the eligibility criteria. The use of LDDM to treat patients with bladder acontractility was reported in four case series by the same group in Europe. Fifty-eight patients were included, and no comparison groups were included. The most common cause of bladder acontractility was spinal cord injury (n=36). The mean (±standard deviation) operative time was 536 (±22) minutes, postoperative length of hospital stay ranged from 10 to 13 days, and follow-up ranged from 9 to 68 months. Most patients had complete response, were able to void voluntarily, and had post-void residual volume less than 100 mL. Although promising outcomes have been obtained, evidence is still weak regarding whether LDDM is better than CIC to avoid impairment of the urinary tract among patients with bladder acontractility. Further prospective studies with control groups are necessary.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.7-15
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• 2017

Purpose: The Korean government has implemented a Barrier Free Certification System since 2008 to create a secure and convenient environment for the socially disadvantaged. The drastic increase in the number of BF-certification facilities is expected due to the revision of the system and increasing the number of certification institutions. An analysis of individual evaluation items needs to be made for the BF-Certification with public confidence. Method: Korean standard, International Standard(ISO/FDIS 21542, 2011), German Standard(DIN 18040-1, 2010), Austrian Standard(${\ddot{O}}NORM$ B 1600, 2017) and Swiss Standard(Norm SIA 500 / SN 521 500, 2009) were investigated and analyzed. A comprehensive improvement plan is proposed by comparing details of the aforementioned standards and the evaluation items of BF-Certification. Results: Many problems arise in applying existing Barrier-free standards due to changes in population structure, environmental change and the use of powered wheelchairs. International standards are being improved to solve these problems. The korean standards also require improving of the Barrier Free Law and Certification System, which reflect these trends. In korean cases, standards such as the size of the doors (width and height), the Unobstructed Manoeuvring Space and Clear Space at the Latch side of the Door are required to improve standards in accordance with international standards. In addition, the expression of laws and evaluation items of BF-Certification should be clearly defined. And the application of visual contrast standards for the enhancement of perceptions presented in international standards should be considered. Implication: Barrier Free related legal standards and evaluation items of BF-Certification that are used in Korea are required to be revised in consideration of social and environmental changes. Comprehensive improvements should be made through detailed review.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.667-692
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• 2009

The deregulation on non-standard workers is inclined to make companies increase the employment of the non-standard workers because of cost-saving effect. As non-standard work rises, so involuntary choice of it does. This trend has resulted in the decline of the non-standard workers' job satisfaction. The internalization of firm-specific skills is strong in Japanese companies. Therefore, even though cost-saving effect is high, the companies cannot assign all the jobs to non-standard workers. Hence, the companies are likely to divide the jobs into standard worker's and non-standard workers' ones. The standard workers' jobs, which focus on high firm-specific skills, has reduced, while the non-standard workers' jobs, which can be outsourced from outside the companies, has increased. As a result, the productivity of standard workers has improved, and their wage levels have increased. Since the deregulation on non-standard workers, their job satisfaction has deteriorated. On the contrary, the job satisfaction of standard workers has increased.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.164-170
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• 2013

With the introduction of increasingly large-sized ships, the conditions of main domestic port facilities remain the same as in the past. So, there is high probability that marine traffic congestion can occur at the certain ship's routes. The standard ship's length used to assess the marine traffic congestion of domestic trade port is 70 meters. It has been in use for the last 30 years, so, its usefulness is highly recommended for review. This study deeply analyzes the tendency of ship's dimensional changes according to recent enlargement of ship's size by utilizing the particulars of 60,000 ships saved in domestic Port-MIS database and suggests the standard ship's length by figuring out the correlation between length of ship and gross tonnage. In addition, the basis of statistical data on the ship's tonnage in domestic trade over the last five years suggests the standard ship's length by deriving the reference point of cumulative incidences that occupy more than over 50 %, except for small vessels. It is necessary to consider the characteristic of each domestic trade port before the actual application of suggested standard ship's length.

• Journal of Korean Society of Disaster and Security
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.35-42
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• 2013

The purpose of this research is to systematize safety management for practical application through analysis and review of several safety standards currently in force among the statutes and rules regarding various safety accidents. Accordingly, the safety standard systems of Japan, US, and Germany were examined and a KOSAM entity relationship diagram (ERD) was drawn based on the ontology system. The ERD consists of the safety standard scope, safety management statute, safety management standard, safety management subjects, causes of safety accidents, and safety management organization entities. Next, each entity was assigned a code and finally a KOSAM safety management condition search screen was designed based on the ERD. This research is expected to bring an overall improvement in safety standard management and operation through safety standard DB construction and the execution of safety management system development.