• 상하수도학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.417-425
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• 2016

Desalination is a key technology to overcome water shortage problem in a near future. High energy consumption is an Achilles' heel in desalination technology. Osmotically driven membrane processes like forward osmosis(FO) was introduced to address this energy issue. Characterizing membrane properties such as water permeability(A), salt permeability(B), and the resistance to salt diffusion within the support layer($K_{ICP}$) are very important to predict the performance of scaled-up FO processes. Currently, most of researches reported that the water permeability of FO membrane was measured by reverse osmosis(RO) type test. Permeating direction of RO and FO are different and RO test needs hydraulic pressure so that several problems can be occurred(i.e. membrane deformation, compaction and effect of concentration polarization). This study focuses on measuring water permeability of FO membrane by FO type test results in various experimental conditions. A statistical approach was developed to evaluate the three FO membrane properties(A, B, and $K_{ICP}$) and it predicted test result by the internal and external concentration polarization model.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제34권10호
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• pp.678-683
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• 2012

세계적인 물부족을 해결하는 대안 중의 하나는 하수 재이용이다. 본 연구는 A시의 하수를 UF와 RO 공법으로 처리하여 인근지역의 공업용수로 재사용이 가능한지의 여부를 확인하고자 하였다. A시의 하수를 UF와 RO로 처리한 결과 Na, Mg, Cl, Ca, Mn, $PO_4$, $SO_4$ 등은 원수 대비 97% 이상의 높은 처리 효율을 보였으나, $NH_4$-N, TN, $NO_3$-N, BOD등의 영양염류는 각각 35.71%, 85.21%, 87.05% 그리고 56%로 상대적으로 낮은 제거율을 보였다. 그러나 영양염류는 원수 자체의 함유량이 소량 이여서 하수 처리수 공업용수 재이용수질 권고 기준을 만족하는데 문제가 없었다. 그 외의 측정항목 또한 하수 처리수 공업용수 재이용수질 권고 기준을 만족하여 인근지역의 공업용수로 재사용에는 문제가 없을 것으로 예상된다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.479-482
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• 2012

Membrane process has been one of the widely applied wastewater treatment options, especially in field. However, one of the tricky issues in the process is to treat concentrates generated from reverse osmosis (RO) system in a manner of saving cost with maximum efficiency for treating a wide range of contaminants. Stimulated with the challenging issues, we have conducted a series of experimental studies in the evaluation for removing organics and nutrients using activated carbon. Results indicated that while powdered activated carbon (PAC) efficiently removed organics and the extent of removal was proportional to the PAC dosage, little removal of nitrogen and phosphorus was observed despite increasing the PAC dose. Interestingly, applying PAC was superior in removing organics than using granular activated carbon (GAC). These results suggest smaller particle size with higher surface area could provide greater chemical reactivity in removing organics.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.225-244
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• 2017

A novel thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) reverse osmosis (RO)/non-woven fabric (NWF) membrane was prepared by adding zinc oxide (ZnO) nanospheres ($30{\pm}10nm$) during the interfacial polymerization process of m-phenylenediamine (MPD) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC) on self-made polysulfone (PSF) membrane/polyester (PET) non-woven fabric support. The improved performance of TFN RO membrane was verified in terms of water contact angle (WCA), water flux, salt rejection, antifouling properties and chlorine resistance. The results showed that the WCA value of TFN RO surface had a continuous decrease with the increasing of ZnO content in MPD aqueous solution. The water flux of composite TFN RO membranes acquired a remarkable increase with a stable high solute rejection (94.5 %) in $1g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ NaCl aqueous solution under the optimized addition amount of ZnO (1 wt%). The continuous testing of membrane separation performance after the immersion in sodium hypochlorite solution indicated that the introduction of ZnO nanospheres also dramatically enhanced the antifouling properties and the chlorine resistance of composite RO membranes.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.506-511
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• 1999

The pilot system for radioactive liquid laundry waste was developed with treatment capacity, 1ton/hr and set up in the Yong Kwang unit #4. The system is composed of tank module, RO systems and a UV/$H_2O$$_2$photo-oxidation unit. The RO system consists of the BW unit (low-pressure RO for brackish water desalination) and the SW unit (high-pressure RO for seawater desalination). The BW unit possesses 4 RO membranes and it can reduce the feed water volume down to 1/10. This concentrated feed water can be reduced again up to 1/10 in its volume in the SW unit composed of 4 RO membranes. The UV/$H_2O$$_2$ photo-oxidation process unit was used for the detergent degradation. The operation of the pilot system was carried out and verified in its capability through the continuous operation and concentration operation using the actual liquid waste from the power plant. The design criteria and data for industrialization were yielded. The efficiency of the UV/$H_2O$$_2$ photo-oxidation process and the optimum operational procedure were evaluated. The decontamination factors for radioactive cobalt and cesium were measured. This on-site test showed the experimental result in the DF$\geq$300 and volume reduction factor$\geq$100.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.39-52
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• 2021

The global water shortage is getting more attention by global climate change. And water demand rapidly increases due to industrialization and population growth. Desalination technology is being expected as an alternative water supply method. Desalination technology requires low energy or maintenance costs, making it a competible next generation technology, with examples such as forward osmosis (FO), membrane distillation (MD), capacitive deionization (CDI), and electrodialysis (ED) to compete with reverse osmosis (RO). In order to identify recent research trends in desalination technologies (FO, MD, RO, CDI, and ED) between 2000-2020, a bibliometric analysis was conducted in the current study. The number of published papers in desalination technology have increased in Desalination and Journal of Membrane Science mainly. Moreover, it was found that FO, MD, RO, CDI, and ED technologies have been applied in various research areas including electrochemical, food processing and carbon-based material synthesis. Recent research topics according to the desalination technologies were also identified.

• 멤브레인
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.142-150
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• 2014

본 연구는 축산분뇨 처리장(바이오가스 플랜트) 액비의 고도처리에 적합한 공정을 도출하기 위한 기초 연구이다. 액비를 고도처리하기 위하여 나노여과 및 역삼투(reverse osmosis) 공정을 각각 사용하였고, 전처리공정으로서 담체를 첨가하지 않은 MBR과 담체를 첨가한 MBR을 각각 적용하여 비교하였다. 액비의 질소는 주로 암모니아성 질소의 형태로 존재하였다. MBR의 운전에서 담체(biomedia) 유무에 따른 COD, T-N 및 T-P의 제거효율에서 큰 차이는 없었으나, 담체를 첨가한 MBR의 TMP는 담체를 첨가하지 않은 MBR에 비해 매우 서서히 증가하였다. 전처리 공정으로 담체를 첨가한 MBR 공정을 사용한 경우, NF에 의한 COD, T-N 및 T-P의 제거효율은 각각 99.8, 86.5% 및 99.8%이었으며, RO에 의한 제거효율은 각각 99.9, 86.8% 및 99.9%이었다. MBR과 NF/RO 공정을 이용하여 처리한 액비의 최종 수질은 분뇨처리장 방류수 수질기준과 비교하였을 때, COD와 T-P는 방류수 수질기준을 만족하였으나, T-N은 수질기준에 부적합하였다. 따라서 T-N에 대한 방류수 기준을 만족시키기 위해서는 MBR 조업 cycle의 조정 또는 나노여과/역삼투에 의한 2차 재처리 등의 개선이 필요한 것으로 판단된다.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.169-179
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• 2012

One of the major limitations in the use of commercial aromatic polyamide thin film composite (TFC) reverse osmosis (RO) membranes is to maintain high performance over a long period of operation, due to the sensitivity of polyamide (PA) skin layer to oxidizing agents, such as chlorine, even at very low concentrations in feed water. This article reports surface modification of a commercial TFC RO membrane (BW30-Dow Filmtec) by covering it with a thin film of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) crosslinked with glutaraldehyde (GA) to improve its resistance to chlorine. Crosslinking reaction was carried out at 25 and $40^{\circ}C$ by using PVA 1.0 wt.% solutions at different GA/PVA mass ratio, namely 0.0022, 0.0043 and 0.013. Water swelling measurements indicated a maximum crosslinking density for PVA films prepared at $40^{\circ}C$ and GA/PVA 0.0043. ATR-FTIR and TGA analysis confirmed the reaction between GA and PVA. SEM images of the original and modified membranes were used to evaluate the surface coating. Chlorine resistance of original and modified membranes was evaluated by exposing it to an oxidant solution (NaClO 300 mg/L, NaCl 2,000 mg/L, pH 9.5) and measuring water permeability and salt rejection during more than 100 h period. The surface modification effectively was demonstrated by increasing the chlorine resistance of PA commercial membrane from 1,000 ppm.h to more than 15.000 ppm.h.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.474-484
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• 2018

The cleaning efficiency of reverse osmosis (RO) membranes inevitably fouled by organic foulants depends upon both chemical (type of cleaning agent, concentration of cleaning solution) and physical (cleaning time, flowrate, temperature) parameters. In attempting to determine the optimal procedures for chemical cleaning organic-fouled RO membranes, the design of experiments concept was employed to evaluate key factors and to predict the flux recovery rate (FRR) after chemical cleaning. From experimental results and based on the predicted FRR of cleaning obtained using the Central Composite Design of Minitab 17, a modified regression model equation was established to explain the chemical cleaning efficiency; the resultant regression coefficient ($R^2$) and adjusted $R^2$ were 83.95% and 76.82%, respectively. Then, using the optimized conditions of chemical cleaning derived from the response optimizer tool (cleaning with 0.68 wt% disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid for 20 min at $20^{\circ}C$ with a flowrate of 409 mL/min), a flux recovery of 86.6% was expected. Overall, the results obtained by these experiments confirmed that the equation was adequate for predicting the chemical cleaning efficiency with regards to organic membrane fouling.

• 한국고분자학회지:고분자과학과기술
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.124-131
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• 1994