• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제27권7호
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• pp.699-708
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• 1994

This study aimed to verify the nutritional and curative effects of protein hydrolysate in rats with cysteamine-induced duodenal uncer. Duodenal ulcer rat model was established by intraperitoneal injections of cysteamine. Sprague-Dawley, female rats weighing approximately 200g were intraperitoneally injected twice cysteamine(13mg/100g BW) at intervals of 3h per day. This procedure was repeated 3$\times$at intervals of 3d. Animals fed on 10% casein diet for infection periods. After last injection, 4 kinds of diets(10% casein, 20% casein, 10% casein hydrolysate, 20% casein hydrolysate) were given. Gastric montility, trypsin activity in gastrointestinal content, retention rate of nitrogen, plasma total protein, albumin, amino-N, urinary urea nitrogen, creatinine and hydroxyproline were analyzed for nutritional effects of dietary nitrogen levels(10%, 20%) and sources(casein, casein hydrolysate). In duodenal ulcer rat model, there was no differences between 20% casein diet and 20% casein hydrolysate in the view of severeness of ulcer, gastric emptying rate, serum total protein, serum albumin, plasma $\alpha$-amino-N, UUN, creatinine excretion, GFR, nitrogen retention. On the other hand, rats on 10% casein hydrolysate diet group had more curative effect of the ulcer, higher plasma albumin concentration and nitrogen retention than 10% casein diet group. The casein hydrolysate diet group was lower trypsin activity in small intestinal content than the casein diet group, at both nitrogen levels(10%, 20%). The results suggest that protein hydrolysate be applied in diet therapy for the patients with gastrointestinal ulcer.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.231-242
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• 1990

A study is reported which investigated the additive nature of digestible energy (DE) from dietary nutrients and to estimate the relative energy values of different energy-yielding nutrients in practical trout diets. A growth study was conducted over 12 weeks with 6 diets. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were fed diets once a day ad libitum. Digestible energy values determined and calculated had direct relationship indicating additive nature of such values for feed ingredients. Overall growth performance was best in a diet containing 33% digestible protein (DP) with a DP/DE ratio of 18.6. A reduction in digestible protein level with the same DP/DE rat io led to a significant decrease in growth and feed efficiency. The increase of 7% of lipid with concomitant decrease in protein resulted in the relative gain of 130% in growth and nutrient retention, suggesting that 1 g of lipid is equal to about 1.3 g of proteins in terms of net energetic value. Replacement of 10% of dietary lipid by carbohydrates led to a slight decrease in energy retention efficiency but to a great increase in lipid retention efficiency (130%) showing that dietary carbohydrates led to increased lipogenesis.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.43-51
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• 2010

Purpose: This study examined the influence of visuomotor congruency on learning a relative phase relationship between a single joint movement and an external signal. Methods: Participants (N=5) were required to rhythmically coordinate elbow flexion-extension movements with a continuous sinusoidal wave (0.375 Hz) at a $90^{\circ}$ relative phase relationship. The congruent group was provided online feedback in which the elbow angle decreased (corresponding to elbow flexion) as the angle trajectory was movingup, and vice versa. The incongruent group was provided online feedback in which the elbow angle decreased as the angle trajectory was moving down, and vice versa. There were two practice sessions (day 1 and 2) and each session consisted of 6 trials per block (5 blocks per session). Retention tests were performed 24 hours after session 2, and only the external sinusoidal wave was provided. Repeated ANOVAs were used for statistical analysis. Results: During practice, the congruent group was significantly less variable than the incongruent group. Phase variability in the incongruent group did not significantly change across blocks, while variability decreased significantly in the congruent group. In retention, the congruent group produced the required $90^{\circ}$ relative phase pattern with significantly less phase variability than the incongruent group. Conclusions: Congruent visual feedback facilitates learning. Moreover, the deprivation of online feedback does not affect the congruent group but does affect the incongruent group in retention.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.36-44
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of self-controlled learning using the (KR) feedback schedule versus the yoked KR on the acquisition and retention of balance training for individuals with hemiplegics. Sixteen hemiplegics were randomly assigned to either a self-controlled or yoked KR group. All subjects were ambulatory with or without an assistive device. The self-controlled group was provided with feedback whenever they requested it, whereas the yoked group had no influence on the feedback schedule. All subjects performed 10 acquisition trials and 10 retention trials the day after acquisition. The data were analyzed using an independent t-test and a Mann-Whitney U test. Participants in the self-controlled group achieved significantly more effective learning than the yoked group during the acquisition and retention test except anterior/posterior (AP) body sway. These results suggest that a feedback schedule which is controlled by the individuals with hemiplegics may be more effective in balancing training than a yoked KR which is not controlled by the subject.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.221-227
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• 1989

토성(土性)이 다른 두 토양(土壤)의 압밀상태(壓密狀態)가 대두(大豆)의 근생장특성(根生長特性)과 양분(養分)의 흡수기능처리(吸收機能差異)를 알아보기 위하여 용적밀도(容積密度)와 수분상태(水分狀態)를 달리한 Core에서의 유근신장(幼根伸長)과 용적밀도(容積密度)를 달리하여 pot재배(栽培)하였을 때 근(根)의 총(總)길이와 표면적(表面積), 근반경(根半徑) 및 양분(養分)의 흡수속도(吸收速度)를 조사(調査)한 결과(結果) 다음과 같다. 1. 대두(大豆)의 유근신장(幼根伸長)은 용적밀도(容積密度)가 낮을수록 빨랐으며 양토(壤土)에서는 토양수분(土壤水分) 상태(狀態)가 - 4bar 이하(以下)에서, 사양토(砂壤土)에서는 - 1bar 이하(以下)에서 급격(急激)히 감소(減少)하였다. 2. 유근(幼根)의 신장(伸長)은 ELE경도계(硬度計) 토양강도(土壤强度) 2.0 이상(以上)에서 급격(急激)히 감소(減少)하였으며, 근신장속도(根伸長速度)와 토양강도간(土壤强度間)에는 2차식(次式)으로 표시(表示)되었다. 그러나 사양토(砂壤土)에서 -10bar이하(以下)의 토양수분상태(土壤水分狀態)에서는 경도(硬度)에 관계(關係)없이 근신장속도(根伸長速度)가 낮았다. 3. pot재배시험(栽培試驗) 결과(結果), 뿌리의 총(總)길이는 용적밀도(容積密度)가 $1.2g/cm^3$인 양토(壤土)에서 가장 길었으며, $1.4g/cm^3$인 사양토(砂壤土)에서 가장 짧았다. 세근(細根)의 평균직경(平均直徑)은 사양토(砂壤土)에서 생육(生育)한 것이 양토(壤土)에서 생육(生育)한 것보다 굵었다. 뿌리의 총표면적(總表面積)은 용적밀도(容積密度)가 낮을수록 넓었으며, 양토(壤土)에서 사양토(砂壤土)보다 넓었다. 4. 양분(養分)의 흡수량(吸收量)은 건물생산(乾物生産)이 많은 양토(壤土)에서 많았다. 단위(單位)뿌리표면적당(表面積當) 흡수속도(吸收速度)는 질소(窒素)가 양토(壤土)에서 $597{\sim}753n\;mole/day{\cdot}cm^2$, 사양토(砂壤土)에서 $222{\sim}365n\;mole/day{\cdot}cm^2$이었으며, 용적밀도(容積密度)가 높은 토양(土壤)에서 높은 값을 보였다. K는 $99{\sim}175n\;mole/day{\cdot}cm^2$ P는 $26{\sim}46n\;mole/day{\cdot}cm^2$이었고, Ca와 Mg는 각각(各各) $175{\sim}230n\;mole/day{\cdot}cm^2$, $163{\sim}205n\;mole/day{\cdot}cm^2$의 범위(範圍)를 보였으며 토양간(土壤間)의 차이(差異)는 질소(窒素)보다 적은 경향(傾向)이었다.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.329-344
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• 2019

Purpose: This study aimed to identify utilization of the work-family support policy (WFSP) and factors affecting retention intention among Korean female military officers. Methods: This cross-sectional survey recruited 103 married female officers from the Korean Army, Navy, and Air force with preschool-aged children through convenience and snowball sampling. Via online surveys from June to November, 2018, the participants self-reported retention intention, work-family conflict, job satisfaction, and utilization of the WFSP. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and multiple linear regression. Results: Retention intention ($22.29{\pm}5.98$) was reported at the mid-level, lower than scores reported in the literature for female workers. Work-family conflict ($32.51{\pm}5.29$) and job satisfaction ($63.10{\pm}7.45$) were above the midpoint levels. Use of maternity leave (100.0%) and parental leave (92.2%) was high, especially compared to the rates of child-care day off (20.4%) and parenting time (20.4%). 'Noticeable increases in childcare services within the army' (22.8%) was reported as the supportive measure needed the most by female military officers. Job satisfaction (${\beta}=.43$, $p{\leq}.001$), the use of parenting time (${\beta}=-0.29$, p=.002), living type (${\beta}=-.18$, p=.043), and service type (${\beta}=-.16$, p=.035) significantly influenced retention intention. Conclusions: The findings highlight the priority areas of importance within the WFSP and suggest that a family-friendly culture can improve female officers' retention intention. Accordingly, policy changes at the Ministry of National Defense improving the system to enhance a family-friendly culture in the military is expected to strengthen the retention intention of female officers and contribute to excellence in the military workforce.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제18권3호통권49호
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• pp.69-77
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• 2003

The present time, water hyacinth(Eichhornia crassipes) was widely used for a purification of a polluted lake, livestock wastewater and sewage wastewater treatment. This study was conducted to evaluate the propriety of sewage wastewater treatment by water hyacinth(Eichhornia crassipes). On the study of optimal cultivation density, 3 kg/m$^2$ was selected for the most suitable initial cultivation density through the BOD, T-N and T-removal efficiency. In experiment of purification capacity, hyacinth(Eichhornia crassipes) removed the 267.2 mg BOD/kg · day, 72 mg T-N/kg · day and 8.6 mg T-P/kg · day at 30 operation days respectively. The result showed that hyacinth(Eichhornia crassipes) could be used for recovery of eutrophic lake effectively. In the test of optimal HRT(hydraulic retention time), 9 days was selected with the suitable HRT, and BOD, T-N and T-P were removed with 75%, T-N 88% and T-P 97% respectively.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.738-742
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• 1996

An efficient packed-bed type biofilm reactor charged with immobilized phototrophs was developed to treat organic wastewater at an extremely high volumetric loading rate. The packed bed reactor (PBR) charged with porous ceramic beads was superior to a fluidized-bed reactor suspended with activated carbon powders in terms of many aspects such as BOD removal efficiency, operational stability, and overall economics. For wastewater with BOD concentration as high as 20, 000mg/l, the BOD removal efficiency was maintained above 90% when the hydraulic retention time (HRT) was longer than 1 day. The allowable volumetric BOD loading rate of this reactor (20gBOD/l day) is more than ten-folds higher than that of an ordinary activated sludge method. The behaviour of the reactor was represented well by a Monod type kinetic equation with a maximum specific BOD loading rate(P) of 22.2gBOD/l day and a half saturation constant(K$_{s}$) of 1, 750 mgBOD/l.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제15권1_2호
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• pp.45-51
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• 2000

Analytical method of 4-nitrotoluene (4-NT) in water was developed by 9as chromatography/mass selective detector/selected ion monitoring (GC/MSD/SIM). 4-NT was extracted with diethyl ether. Organic layer was washed with 5 % sodium chloride solution. The influence of solvent and evaporation condition on extraction of 4-NT were examined. The retention time of 4-NT peak was 7.72 min. Coefficient of variation (CV) of 4-NT (ng) within day and day-to-day was ranged from 7.0 to 14.6% and from 7.7 to 20.8%, respectively. Recovery of 4-NT was ranged from 84 to 109%, and detection limit of 4-H was lese than 1 ng/㎖.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.607-612
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• 2007

In this study, we investigated the variations of the kinetic coefficients and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), N and P mass used for assimilation of a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system with the variation of SRTs; SRTs of 7.5, 10.0, 12.5, 15.0 and 20.0 days were tested in one cycle of SBR operation to determine the optimum conditions for the operation of the SBR and estimate its COD, nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies. The SBR system was operated under the conditions as follows: an operation time of 6 hours per cycle, a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 12 hours, an influent COD loading of $0.4kg/m^3/day$, and an influent nitrogen loading of $0.068kgT-N/m^3/day$. The yield coefficient (Y) and decay rate coefficient ($k_d$) were estimated to be 0.4198 kgMLVSS/kgCOD and $0.0107day^{-1}$ by calculating the removal rate of substrate according to the variation of SRT. Considering total nitrogen amount removed by sludge waste process, eliminated by denitrification, and in clarified water effluent with reference to 150 mg/cycle of influent nitrogen amount, the percentage of nitrogen mass balance from the ratio of the nitrogen amount in effluent (N output) to that in influent (N input) for Runs 1~5 were 95.5, 97.0, 95.5, 99.5, and 95.5%, respectively, which is well accounted for, with mass balances close to 100%.