• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.183-185
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• 2003

The combination of hexane extract (E4) of rhizome of Acorus gramineus with chloramphenicol (Cm) was applied to Gram negative Cm resistant microbials to find the possibility of clinical use and to clarify the relationship of the activity of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT). The combination of $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ of E4 and $8\;{\mu}g/ml$ of Cm entirely ceased the growth of S. aureus SA2, a gram positive resistant strain to 10 antibiotics. But in Gram negative strains which possess CAT activity, some showed considerably strong resistances to Cm and some did weakly.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.40.1-40.8
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate the high-level mupirocin resistance (HLMR) in Gram-positive bacteria isolated from companion animals. A total of 931 clinical specimens were collected from diseased pets. The detection of mupirocin-resistant bacteria and plasmid-mediated mupirocin resistance genes were evaluated by antimicrobial susceptibility tests, polymerase chain reactions, and sequencing analysis. Four-hundred and six (43.6%) bacteria were isolated and 17 (4.2%), including 14 staphylococci and 3 Corynebacterium were high-level mupirocin-resistant (MICs, ≥ 1,024 ug/mL) harboring mupA. Six staphylococci of HLMR strains had plasmid-mediated mupA-IS257 flanking regions. The results show that HLMR bacteria could spread in veterinary medicine in the near future.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.129-134
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• 2002

To isolate probiotic lactic acid bacteria having superior inhibitory activities against animal gastro-intestinal pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella gallinarum, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, 130 strains were initially isolated from the small intestines of Korean native chickens and 7 lactic acid bacteria were finally selected. By using API CHL kit and 16S rRNA sequencing method, the selected lactic acid bacteria were found to be belonged to genus Lactobacillus except BD14 identified as Pediococcus pentosaceus. Especially, Lactobacillus pentosus K34 showed the highest resistancy to both of HCl and bile salt, as well as the highest inhibitory activities against S. gallinarum, S. aureus and E. coli. All the selected strains were sensitive to various antibiotics such as neomycin, erythromycin, cephalosporin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin, oxytetracycline, but resistant to ciprofloxacin. All the selected strains except BL strain were resistant to colistin and streptomycin, and BD14, BD16, K34 strains were resistant to gentamicin.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.140-146
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• 2015

The increase in resistance by pathogenic bacteria to multiple antimicrobial agents has become a significant treat, as the effective antimicrobial agents available for the patients infected by such resistant bacteria are reduced, or even eliminated. Several natural plant extracts have exhibited antibacterial and synergistic activity against various resistant microorganisms. Houttuynia cordata is frequently used by many traditional medicine practicioners for its antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties. This study investigated the antibacterial effects of H. cordata extract against clinical multi-resistant bacteria, and compared the two methods used for the antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Thirty isolates of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, 10), Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE, 10), Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB, 10) were included in this study. The antibacterial effect of H. cordata was tested by disk diffusion and microbroth dilution methods as per CLSI guidelines. In disk diffusion, all isolates (30) showed no inhibition to 30,000 ug/mL of H. cordata. But in the microbroth dilution method, $MIC_{90}$ of H. cordata was 4,096 ug/mL, 8,192 ug/mL and 4,096 ug/mL in MRSA, VRE and CRAB, respectively. These results demonstrate that H. cordata exhibits antibacterial activity against MRSA, VRE and CRAB. Moreover, the microbroth dilution method is a more effective method than disk diffusion to evaluate the antibacterial activity of natural products. The Disk diffusion method used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of natural products required new standard guidelines including inoculum concentration of bacteria.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.500-510
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• 2023

In this study, lactic acid bacteria were isolated from 21 top-selling probiotic products on Korean market and their antimicrobial resistance were analyzed. A total 152 strains were claimed to be contained in these products and 70 isolates belonging to three genera (Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Lactococcus) were obtained from these products. RAPD-PCR showed diversity among isolates of the same species except for two isolates of Lacticaibacillus rhamnosus from two different products. The agar dilution method and the broth dilution method produced different MICs for several antimicrobials. With the agar dilution method, five isolates (three isolates of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, one isolate of B. breve, one isolate of B. longum) were susceptible to all nine antimicrobials and 15 isolates were multi-drug resistant. With the broth microdilution method, only two isolates (one isolate of B. breve and one isolate of B. longum) were susceptible while 16 isolates were multi-drug resistant. In this study, only two AMR genes were detected: 1) lnu(A) in one isolate of clindamycin-susceptible and lincomycin-resistant Limosilactobacillus reuteri; and 2) tet(W) in one tetracycline-susceptible isolate of B. longum B1-1 and two tetracycline-susceptible isolates and three tetracycline resistant isolates of B. animalis subsp. lactis. Transfer of these two genes via conjugation with a filter mating technique was not observed. These results suggest a need to monitor antimicrobial resistance in newly registered probiotics as well as probiotics with a long history of use.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.283-291
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• 2012

Bioremediation efforts often rely on the application of surfactants to enhance hydrocarbon bioavailability. However, synthetic surfactants can sometimes be toxic to degrading microorganisms, thus reducing the clearance rate of the pollutant. Therefore, surfactant-resistant bacteria can be an important tool for bioremediation efforts of hydrophobic pollutants, circumventing the toxicity of synthetic surfactants that often delay microbial bioremediation of these contaminants. In this study, we screened a natural surfactant-rich compartment, the estuarine surface microlayer (SML), for cultivable surfactant-resistant bacteria using selective cultures of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Resistance to surfactants was evaluated by colony counts in solid media amended with critical micelle concentrations (CMC) of either surfactants, in comparison with non-amended controls. Selective cultures for surfactant-resistant bacteria were prepared in mineral medium also containing CMC concentrations of either CTAB or SDS. The surfactantresistant isolates obtained were tested by PCR for the Pseudomonas genus marker gacA gene and for the naphthalene-dioxygenase-encoding gene ndo. Isolates were also screened for biosurfactant production by the atomized oil assay. A high proportion of culturable bacterioneuston was tolerant to CMC concentrations of SDS or CTAB. The gacA-targeted PCR revealed that 64% of the isolates were Pseudomonads. Biosurfactant production in solid medium was detected in 9.4% of tested isolates, all affiliated with genus Pseudomonas. This study shows that the SML is a potential source of surfactant-resistant and biosurfactant-producing bacteria in which Pseudomonads emerge as a relevant group.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2004

Tetracycline resistant bacterial strains were isolated from 10 batches of Kimchi among 50 batches collected in Taegu restrict. The MIC of tetracycline ranged between 25 and> 100 ㎖/l. Total genomic DNA preparation from all 10 tetracycline resistant lactic acid bacterial isolates were subjected to PCR amplification with class-specific primers for tet(M) and tet(O). In only one isolate, HJ9, tet(M) was detected. By Southern blotting and hybridization with a tet(M)-specific probe, the tet(M) gene of HJ9 isolate could be localized on a plasmid. The partial nucleotide sequence and deduced amino acid sequence of tet(M) of HJ9 showed 90-99% and 94-100% homology to those of Gram positive bacteria, respectively. With sequencing of 16S rRNA, HJ9 isolate from Kimchi was identified as Lactobacillus sakei. From these results, Kimchi can be considered potential vehicle for the spread of antibiotic-resistant lactic acid bacteria along the food chain to the consumer.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.169-178
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• 2010

The microbial community structure in Thailand soils contaminated with low and high levels of arsenic was determined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Band pattern analysis indicated that the bacterial community was not significantly different in the two soils. Phylogenetic analysis obtained by excising and sequencing six bands indicated that the soils were dominated by Arthrobacter koreensis and $\beta$-Proteobacteria. Two hundred and sixty-two bacterial isolates were obtained from arsenic-contaminated soils. The majority of the As-resistant isolates were Gramnegative bacteria. MIC studies indicated that all of the tested bacteria had greater resistance to arsenate than arsenite. Some strains were capable of growing in medium containing up to 1,500 mg/l arsenite and arsenate. Correlations analysis of resistance patterns of arsenite resistance indicated that the isolated bacteria could be categorized into 13 groups, with a maximum similarity value of 100%. All strains were also evaluated for resistance to eight antibiotics. The antibiotic resistance patterns divided the strains into 100 unique groups, indicating that the strains were very diverse. Isolates from each antibiotic resistance group were characterized in more detail by using the repetitive extragenic palindromic-PCR (rep-PCR) DNA fingerprinting technique with ERIC primers. The PCR products were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. The genetic relatedness of 100 bacterial fingerprints, determined by using the Pearson product-moment similarity coefficient, showed that the isolates could be divided into four clusters, with similarity values ranging from 5-99%. Although many isolates were genetically diverse, others were clonal in nature. Additionally, the arsenic-resistant isolates were examined for the presence of arsenic resistance (ars) genes by using PCR, and 30% of the isolates were found to carry an arsenate reductase encoded by the arsC gene.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.41-50
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• 2015

The aim of this study was to identify bacteria isolated from the oral cavities and to determine their antimicrobial susceptibility against eight antibiotics. The bacterial strains were obtained from the Korean Collection for Oral Microbiology (KCOM). The bacteria were identified by comparing 16S rDNA sequences at the species level. The data showed that 77 bacterial strains were predominantly identified as streptococci (49.4%) and staphylococci (14.3%). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined using a broth dilution assay to test the sensitivity of the bacterial strains. The MIC values of the oral bacterial strains against antibiotics were different. Streptococci were sensitive to clindamycin, cefuroxime axetil, and vancomycin, and they were resistant to tetracycline. Staphylococci also were sensitive to clindamycin, cefuroxime axetil, and vancomycin, and they were resistant to penicillin antibiotics. Gramnegative bacterial strains were sensitive to tetracycline and were resistant to clindamycin. These results suggest that the antimicrobial susceptibility test is necessary in deciding the prescription for antibiotics, to prevent the misuse or abuse of antibiotics.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.233-239
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to evaluate the photodynamic effect of various photosensitizing agents against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). MRSA was exposed to light from a 632 urn diode laser (15 J/$cm^2$) in the presence of various photosensitizer, such as photofrin, photogem, radachlorine and ALA. In vivo study was performed using ICR mice. Twenty eight mice had a standard wound ($100\;mm^2$) created on the dorsum, and MRSA was inoculated into the wound region. The four groups were classified as follows: (1) the untreated control group (bacteria alone), (2) the bacteria plus light group (15 J/$cm^2$), (3) the bacteria plus photofrin group (kept in the dark), and (4) the photodynamic therapy (PDT) group (bacteria, photofrin, and light). After photofrin (dose 1 mg/kg) injection, the experimental group was irradiated with 632 urn diode laser (15 J/$cm^2$) for 30 minutes after In vitro results of PDT showed the complete killing of MRSA at the photofrin, radachlorine, and photogem However, ALA-PDT was ineffective on MRSA viability. In vivo results showed that photofrin has therapeutic effect on the wound infection. These results demonstrate that selective lethal photosensitization of MRSA can be achieved using phofrin, photogem and radachlorin. Thus, PDT can inactivate MRSA survival.