• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.29-34
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of anterolateral (45$^{\circ}$) and lateral (90$^{\circ}$) direction resistance, with using an elastic band, on the electromyographic(EMG) activity ratio of the vastus medialis oblique (VMO) and the vastus lateralis (VL) during squat exercise. Methods: The study subjects were 19 active people with no history of patellofemoral pain, limitation of range of motion or pain when performing squat exercise. A 'repeated measures within subjects' design was used. The subjects were asked to perform three repetitions of a 90$^{\circ}$ knee flexion squat exercise with anterolateral (45$^{\circ}$) and lateral (90$^{\circ}$) resistance and without resistance, respectively. The EMG activity of the VMO and VL were recorded by surface EMG electrodes and the results were normalized by the % MVIC value. Results: Repeated measures ANOVA's revealed that squat exercise with anterolateral (45$^{\circ}$) resistance produced significantly greater VMO/VL EMG activity ratio than that with lateral (90$^{\circ}$) resistance and without resistance (p=.013). Yet the result of contrast testing revealed that squat exercise with lateral (90$^{\circ}$) resistance showed no significant difference of the VMO/VL EMG activity ratio, as compared with squat exercise without resistance (p>0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that squat exercise combining anterolateral (45$^{\circ}$) resistance can contribute positively to the patients with patellofemoral pain as they increase the VMO/VL EMG activity ratio.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.254-261
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• 2023

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 8-week resistance training on muscle fatigue in men in their 50s and 30s. A total of 16 subjects (8 in their 30s and 8 in their 50s) were recruited, and moderate-intensity resistance exercise was conducted three times a week for eight weeks. EMG was measured before and after 8 week resistance training. Before 8 weeks exercise, MDF of pectoralis major significantly decreased in all groups, and MDF of triceps brachii significantly decreased only in the 30s group. After 8 weeks of exercise, MDF of pectoralis major significantly decreased in all groups, and MDF of triceps brachii significantly decreased only in the 30s group. The fatigue index before and after the 8-week exercise was changed only in the pectoralis major, and significantly decreased in the 30s group. As a result, the muscle fatigue level among the resistance exercises of men in their 50s may be similar to that of men in their 30s, and muscle fatigue can be reduced by 8 weeks of exercise.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.103-112
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• 2018

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to determined the effects of resistance and aerobic exercise on gait ability, physical fitness and body compositions in older women. Method : The subjects were 24 older women who were randomly divided into two groups (resistance exercise, n=12, and aerobic exercise, n=12). They 65~80 years old. The subjects done the Gym-ball, Togu, and senior dance exercise three times per week-for 70 minutes each time for 16 weeks. Body compositions, physical fitness, and gait ability were measured in this study. Result : There were significantly improved the walk performance after exercise training for 16 weeks. In particular, it was more effective on resistance exercise training in older women. There were significant differences in muscle endurance, flexibility, balance, body weight, percent of body fat, and body mass index (BMI) after the exercise program. Conclusion : It was more effective improved on muscle endurance, flexibility, and balance performance after resistance exercise program than an aerobic exercise program in older women.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.431-442
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of resistance exercise program for elders with type 2 Diabetes on the self care, stress and HbA1c. Methods: Thirty three elders with type 2 Diabetes(18 experimental and 15 control subjects) were selected conveniently among the aged who had been enrolled in a community senior center. The subjects in experimental group participated in a resistance exercise program for 8 weeks. Data were analyzed using the SPSS/Win 12.0. Results: The resistance exercise program showed a statistical difference in self care(t=-4.39, p=.000) and stress(t=2.22, p=.034). However, there was not a statistical difference in HbA1c (F=.556, p=.557), but experimental group had decreased continuously in HbA1c after the program. Conclusion: The resistance exercise program improved self care and reduced the stress in the elders with type 2 Diabetes. Therefore, resistance exercise program can be applied as an effective nursing intervention to promote self care, decrease the stress and to prevent complication for the elders with type 2 Diabetes.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.11-16
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was undertaken to compare the signal characteristics of surface electromyography (EMG) between progressive resistive increase exercise (PRIE) and progressive resistive decrease exercise (PRDE). Methods: Forty healthy male subjects were randomly assigned to either the PRIE group or the PRDE group. Subjects participated in the PRIE and PRDE methods, with 10 RM for each subject. EMG activity was recorded from the rectus femoris muscle. Outcome data were collected for both groups pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, then at 5 and 10 minutes post-exercise. Repeated measures 2-way ANOVA was used to determine the statistical difference of the root mean square (RMS) in EMG activity. Results: We showed that RMS values, when compared with pre-exercise, were decreased immediately after exercise and were increased at 5 and 10 minutes after exercise (p<0.05). The RMS values were not significantly different between the two groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: These results can indicate that both the PRIE and PRDE protocols will be improve strength with equivalent efficacy. Further studies are needed to address exercise duration, frequency of exercise sessions, and rest times than the PRIE and PRDE protocols with regard to the changes in strength improvement without a large amount of muscle fatigue.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.273-276
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the resistance conditions on the electromyography (EMG) activity ratio of vastus medialis oblique (VMO) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscle during partial lunge exercise in healthy subjects in order to suggest the basic data of exercise intervention for such as patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). Methods: The participants of this study were healthy twenty two people with no knee pain, limitation of motion and past history of operation at lower extremity. The participants performed three types of lunge 1) no resistance, 2) anterolateral 45° resistance and 3) lateral 90° respectively. The EMG activity of the VMO and VL were recorded by surface EMG and the measured data normalized by the %MVIC value was analyzed by repeated measured ANOVA. Results: The results showed that the VMO/VL EMG activity ratio during lunge with anterolateral 45° resistance was significantly higher than with no resistance and lateral 90° resistance (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in VMO, VL, and VMO/VL muscle activity between male and female subjects (p>0.05). Conclusion: This study suggests that partial lunge exercise with anterolateral 45° resistance can increase the VMO/VL muscle activity in healthy subjects. This result could be used as basic data to develop therapeutic exercise programs such as PFPS patients.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.191-196
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• 2015

Attenuated functional exercise capacity in elderly and diseased populations is a common problem, and stems primarily from physical inactivity. Decreased function and exercise capacity can be restored by maintaining muscular strength and mass, which are key factors in an independent and healthy life. Resistance exercise has been used to prevent muscle loss and improve muscular strength and mass. However, the intensities necessary for traditional resistance training to increase muscular strength and mass may be contraindicated for some at risk populations, such as diseased populations and the elderly. Therefore, an alternative exercise modality is required. Recently, blood flow restriction (BFR) with low intensity resistance exercise (LIRE) has been used for such special populations to improve their function and exercise capacity. Although BFR+LIRE has been intensively studied for a decade, a comprehensive review detailing the effects of BFR+LIRE on both skeletal muscle and vascular function is not available. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to discuss previous studies documenting the effects of BFR+LIRE on hormonal and transcriptional factors in muscle hypertrophy and vascular function, including changes in hemodynamics, and endothelial function.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.153-161
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• 2011

The maintenance of skeletal muscle mass is very important for the prevention of life style-related diseases and the improvement of quality of life. It is well-known that resistance exercise and nutrition (especially amino acids) are the most effective interventions for maintaining skeletal muscle mass. It has been reported that many molecules are involved in the regulation of protein synthesis in response to resistance exercise and nutrition. Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating muscle protein synthesis is crucial for the development of appropriate interventions. The role of intracellular signaling pathways through the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a serine/threonine protein kinase in the regulation of muscle protein synthesis, has been extensively investigated for these years. Control of protein synthesis by mTOR is mediated through phosphorylation of downstream targets that modulate translation initiation and elongation step. In contrast, upstream mediators regulating mTOR and protein synthesis in response to resistance exercise and amino acid still needed to be determined. In this brief review, we discuss the current progress of intracellular mechanisms for exercise- and amino acid-induced activation of mTOR pathways and protein synthesis in skeletal muscle.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.181-191
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• 2016

This study examined the effects of exercise intensity and type on insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease risk factors, and exercise time. Obese thirty-two subjects (>body fat 30%) were randomly assigned one of four experimental groups: VO2 max 50% aerobic exercise group (MAE, n=8), VO2 max 80% aerobic exercise group (VAE, n=8), VO2 max 50% + resistance exercise group (MARE, n=8), and VO2 max 80% + resistance exercise group (VARE, n=8). Body fat significantly decreased in all groups and insulin resistance decreased significantly in MARE and VARE (p<.05 & p<.01) after exercise. CRP and IL-6 were slightly reduced after exercise, although these did not reach statistical significance, whereas the IL-6 level of the VAE group decreased significantly (p<.05). TNF-${\alpha}$ significantly decreased in the MAE group (p<.05) but significantly increased in the VARE group after exercise (p<.05). For exercise time, higher intensity exercise groups were significantly less than the lower intensity exercise groups (p<.001). These results suggest that body fat is affected by all kinds of exercise intensity and type while CRP is not. Insulin resistance and TNF-${\alpha}$ were affected by exercise type, whereas IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, and exercise time were affected by exercise intensity.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.85-94
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• 2022

Purpose : This study aimed to investigate the effects of 12 weeks of resistance exercise on body composition, physical strength, blood lipids, and insulin. Methods : The study was conducted on 24 elderly women divided into two groups: 12 subjects in an exercise group and 12 subjects in a control group. Resistance exercise was performed for 50 minutes a day, three times a week, for the duration of 12 weeks, and body composition, physical strength, blood lipids, and insulin were measured before and after the subjects completed the program. For the statistical analysis, the mean and standard deviation (M±SD) of each variable were calculated using SPSS version 20, and a paired t-test and two-way repeated ANOVA were conducted to test for the differences before and after the resistance exercise. All significant levels were set to α=.05 as a result of the experiment. Results : Changes in body composition after the 12-week resistance exercise program did not show any significant difference based on the comparison between the groups, but when noting the values for body fat percentage and body in the control group before and after, a significant difference was shown in fat mass (p<.05). As for changes in physical fitness, significant differences appeared in flexibility, muscle strength, and stenotic force (p<.01) when the groups were compared. Regarding pre- and post-values within each group concerning flexibility within the exercise group, significant differences were shown in gender (p<.001), muscle strength (p<.05), (p<.01), muscle earth strength, equilibrium (p<.01), stenosis force, and cardiopulmonary earth force (p<.001). Also, comparisons between populations in changes in blood lipids the values before and after in each group, significant differences in glucose (p<.05) and insulin (p<.05) were shown in the exercise group. When comparing the values before and after in each population, a significant difference was shown in the control group (p<.05). Conclusion : When all the results were integrated, the 12-week resistance exercise program was found to enhance physical strength (flexibility, muscle strength, and coordination) and improve the blood sugar levels of elderly women. In particular, resistance exercise is believed to lower the prevalence of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and metabolic diseases by having a positive effect on insulin. Further studies are suggested to verify the effect on body composition and blood lipids by setting up a variety of exercise treatment methods (including subjects, exercise periods, exercise plans, and exercise intensity focuses).