• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.55-60
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• 2004

Residual gas acts as a diluent which results in reducing the in-cylinder temperature as well as the flame speed, significantly affecting fuel economy, NOx emissions and combustion stability. Therefore it is important to determine the residual gas fraction as a function of the engine operating parameters accurately. However, the determination of the residual gas fraction is very sophisticated due to the unsteady state of induction and exhaust process. There has been little work toward the development of a generally applicable model for quantitative predictions of residual gas fraction. In this paper, a simple model for calculating the residual gas fraction in SI engines was suggested. The amount of fresh air was evaluated through AFR and fuel consumption. After this, from the intake temperature and pressure, the amount of total cylinder-charging gas was estimated. The residual gas fraction was derived by comparing the total charging and fresh air. This results coincide with measured EGR value very well.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2001.11b
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• pp.903-908
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• 2001

Residual gas acts as a diluent which results in reducing the in-cylinder temperature as well as the flame speed, significantly affecting fuel economy, NOx emissions and combustion stability. Therefore it is important to determine the residual gas fraction as a function of the engine operating parameters accurately. However, the determination of the residual gas fraction is very sophisticated due to the unsteady state of induction and exhaust process. There has been little work toward the development of a generally applicable model for quantitative predictions of residual gas fraction. In this paper, a simple model for calculating the residual gas fraction in SI engines was formulated. The effects of engine operating parameters on the residual gas were also investigated. The amount of fresh air was evaluated through AFR and fuel consumption. After this, from the intake temperature and pressure, the amount of total cylinder-charging gas was estimated. The residual fraction was derived by comparing the total charging and fresh air. This results coincide with measured value very well.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.50-56
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• 2006

Residual gas fraction in a combustion process is very crucial to improve combustion and cyclic variations. Especially, the residual gas fraction is strongly affected by backflow of the residual gas during the valve overlap period in an idle operation. Therefore, it is one of the most interesting that valve timings can affect flow characteristics of gas exchange process, especially during idle operation. This analysis investigates residual gas fraction with respect to valve timing changes which is critical for combustion efficiency and engine performance. Flow characteristics of residual gas by changing intake and exhaust valve timing are calculated by CFD methodology during an idle operation in an SI engine. It is analyzed that retarded EVO and advanced IVO results in the increase of valve overlap period and consequently, residual gas fraction. Futhermore, changes in IVO have stronger effects on variation of residual gas fraction.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.11-18
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• 2002

Residual gas fraction in an engine cylinder affects engine performance, efficiency and emission characteristics. With high residual gas fractions, a flame speed and maximum combustion temperature are decreased and these are deeply related with combustion stability especially at idle and NOx emission at relatively high engine load. In this work, the residual gas fraction was calculated by an engine simulation code, which was validated by the experimental data (cylinder pressure and emissions) obtained from 4-cyliner spark ignition engine. A comparison between experimental and computational calculation results was made. The residual gas is generated mostly at low engine speed by the larger pressure difference between the intake and exhaust port. As the valve overlap duration was increased, the amount of residual gas in the cylinder, the amount of HC emission in the exhaust gas and the variation of power output increased.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.80-89
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• 1998

The residual gas in an spark-ignition engine is one of important factors on emissions and performance such as combustion stability. With high residual gas fractions, flame speed and maximum combustion temperature are decreased and these are deeply related with combustion stability especially at idle and NOx emission at relatively high engine load. Therefore, there is a need to characterize the residual gas fraction as a function of the engine operating load. Therefore, there is a need to characterize the residual gas fraction as a function of the engine operating parameters. In the present study, the quantitative measurement technique of residual gas fraction was studied by using Fast Response Flame Ionization Detector(FRFID). The measuring technique and model for estimation of residual gas fraction were reported in this paper. By the assuming that the raw signal from FRFID saturates with the same slope for firing and misfiring cycle, in-cylinder hydrocarbon(HC) concentration can be estimated. Residual gas fraction can be obtained from the in-cylinder HC concentration measured at firing and motoring condition. The developed measurement and calibration procedure were applied to the limited engine operating and design condition such as intake manifold pressure and valve overlap. The results show relevant trends by comparing those from previous studies.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.82-88
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• 2001

The EGR is needed fur one of various strategies to reduce NOx emission. But to get the proper EGR rate, the intake and exhaust system become complicated. That is a reason why we consider using the internal EGR system. The internal EGR is a system which reduces NOx by controling the residual gas fraction in cylinder by changing valve timing and valve lift of intake and exhaust. In this paper, characteristics of volumetric efficiency and residual gas fraction in cylinder were investigated for various engine speeds by changing valve timing and valve lift of intake and exhaust in the 4 stroke-cycle diesel engine. Volumetric efficiency and residual gas fraction were calculated by the method of characteristics. As the results, residual gas fraction and volumetric efficiency in cylinder by variable valve timing were visualized.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.7-13
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• 2010

To satisfy the needs on fuel economy and engine performance, continuous variable valve lift systems are applying to engines. In the CVVL system, fuel economy can be improved by reducing pumping loss during the induction process, and engine performance can be also improved by controlling volumetric efficiency and the residual gas fraction. Because the residual gas fraction directly affects volumetric efficiency, engine performance, combustion efficiency and emissions in SI engines, controlling residual gas fraction is one of the important things in engine development process. This analysis investigates the residual gas fraction and volumetric efficiency with changes of intake valve lifts and intake valve timings. In this study, unsteady state solutions were solved during exhaust and induction processes. Results show variation of the residual gas fraction and volumetric efficiency by changing intake valve timing and lift. Decreasing intake valve lift leads to increase the residual gas fraction and to decrease volumetric efficiency.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.398-404
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• 1999

The EGR is needed for one of various strategies to reduce NOx emission. But to get the proper EGR rate the intake and exhaust system become complicated. That is a reason why we consider using the built0in EGR system. The built-in EGR is a system which reduces Nox by controling the residual gas fraction in cylinder by changing valve timing and valve lift of intake and exhaust. In this paper characteristics of volumetric efficiency and residual gas fraction in cylinder were investigated for various engine speeds by changing valve timing and valve lift of intake and exhaust. In this paper characteristics of volumetric efficiency and residual gas fraction in cylinder were investigated for various engine speeds by changing valve timing and valve lift of intake and exhaust in the 4 stroke-cycle diesel engine. Volumetric efficiency and residual gas fraction were calculated by the method of characteristics. As the results the possibility of suing the built-in EGR system was confirmed.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.51 no.7
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• pp.1866-1870
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• 2019

Residual salt separation is an essential step in pyroprocessing because its reaction products, as prepared by electrochemical unit processes, contain frozen residual electrolyte species, which are generally composed of alkali-metal chloride salts (e.g., LiCl, KCl). In this study, a simple technique that utilizes high-temperature gas flux as a driving force to melt and push out the residual salt in the reaction products was developed. This technique is simple as it only requires the use of a heating gun in combination with a gas injection system. Consequently, $LiNO_3-ZrO_2$ and $LiCl-ZrO_2$ mixtures were successfully separated by the high-temperature gas injection (separation efficiency > 93%), thereby demonstrating the viability of this simple technique for residual salt separation.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.26-33
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• 2000

In-cylinde flow and mixture formation are key contributors to both idle stability and combustion stability at part load condition in SI engine. The real time measurements of air-fuel ration and in- cylinder residual gas fraction are particularly important to obtain a better understanding of the mechanisms for combustion and emissions especially during cold start and throttle transient condition. This paper reports the cycle resolved measurements of residual gas fraction and equivalence ration near speak plug with value timing change and their effects on combustion characteristics at part load. The results showed that the effect of intake value opening on the residual gas fraction was smaller than that of exhaust valve closing because of the decreases of exhaust gas reverse flow from exhaust port. The variation of equivalence ratio near spark plug increased with the increase of value overlap and it closely related with heat release rate and combustion stability