• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.365-375
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• 2017

An experimental evaluation of crack propagation and post-cracking behavior in steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) beams, using full-field displacements obtained from the digital image correlation technique is presented. Surface displacements and strains during the fracture test of notched SFRC beams with volume fractions ($V_f$) of steel fibers equal to 0.5 and 0.75% are analyzed. An analysis procedure for determining the crack opening width over the depth of the beam during crack propagation in the flexure test is presented. The crack opening width is established as a function of the crack tip opening displacement and the residual flexural strength of SFRC beams. The softening in the post-peak load response is associated with the rapid surface crack propagation for small increases in crack tip opening displacement. The load recovery in the flexural response of SFRC is associated with a hinge-type behavior in the beam. For the stress gradient produced by flexure, the hinge is established before load recovery is initiated. The resistance provided by the fibers to the opening of the hinge produces the load recovery in the flexural response.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제53권6호
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• pp.1183-1200
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• 2015

Reinforcement corrosion can cause serious safety deterioration to aging concrete structures exposed in aggressive environments. This paper presents an approach for reliability analyses of deteriorating reinforced concrete structures affected by reinforcement corrosion on the basis of the representative symptoms identified during the deterioration process. The concrete cracking growth and rebar bond strength evolution due to reinforcement corrosion are chosen as key symptoms for the performance deterioration of concrete structures. The crack width at concrete cover surface largely depends on the corrosion penetration of rebar due to the expansive rust layer at the bond interface generated by reinforcement corrosion. The bond strength of rebar in the concrete correlates well with concrete crack width and decays steadily with crack width growth. The estimates of cracking development and bond strength deterioration are examined by experimental data available from various sources, and then matched with symptom-based lifetime Weibull model. The symptom reliability and remaining useful life are predicted from the predictive lifetime Weibull model for deteriorating concrete structures. Finally, a numerical example is provided to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach for forecasting the performance of concrete structures subject to reinforcement corrosion. The results show that the corrosion rate has significant impact on the reliability associated with serviceability and load bearing capacity of reinforced concrete structures during their service life.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.109-120
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• 2011

이 논문에서는 변형경화형 시멘트 복합체(SHCC)로 보수된 휨항복형 철근콘크리트 보의 균열제어 성능에 관한 실험적 연구를 다루었다. 이 실험을 위하여 총 5개의 철근콘크리트 보 실험체를 제작하였으며, 모든 실험체는 최종 파괴시 까지 균열제어 성능을 평가하였다. 실험체 계획시 보통 철근콘크리트 기준 실험체로 계획한 표준 실험체(CBN)와 섬유 혼입 조건에 따른 SHCC의 종류 및 SHCC 보수 방법(patching and layering)에 따라 각각 두 타입 씩 구분하여 제작하였다. 실험 결과 SHCC로 보수된 모든 실험체는 최종파괴시 끼지 취성파괴 및 폭렬현상 등이 발생하지 않았으며, 미세한 다수의 균열이 폭넓게 분포하는 경향을 보였으나, CBN 실험체의 경우는 콘크리트 표면 박리 및 취성적 파괴양상을 나타냈다. 이는 기존 철근콘크리트 보의 균열 손상 완화 및 휨성능 향상에 있어 SHCC의 우수한 모멘트 강도, 연성능력 및 최대하중 이후의 에너지소산능력 등이 원활하게 작용하였기 때문으로 판단된다. 또한 동일한 처짐에서의 균열폭을 비교한 결과 CBN 실험체에 비하여 SHCC로 보수된 모든 실험체가 실험체 전반에 걸쳐 미세한 균열이 다수 분포되는 양상을 나타냈다. 특히, PE섬유의 우수한 기계적 특성에 기인하여 PVA0.75+PE0.75의 혼입조건을 갖는 SHCC가 다소 높은 내구성 및 연성능력을 나타냈다. 이처럼 보의 사용성과 관련하여 균열폭의 진전은 매우 중요한 의미를 갖으며, SHCC를 기존 철근콘크리트 보의 보수보강재료로 활용하였을 때 구조물의 사용연한을 증가시킬 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국생산제조학회지
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.82-88
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• 2000

The effect of the welding for the offshore structure in the TMCP steel on the fatigue crack propagation rate and crack opening-and-closure behavior was examined. The welding anisotropy of the TMCP steel and crack propagation characteristics of the excessive loading were reviewed. (1) It seemed that a heat which was generated by the welding made a compressive residual stress over the base metal, so fatigue crack propagation rate was placed lower than in case of the base metal. (20 In the base metal, an effect of the anisotropy which has an effect of fatigue crack propagation rate of the excessive load and the constant amplitude laos was not found but in the welding material case, fatigue crack propagation rate of the excessive load in the specimen of the width direction was located in the retard side as compared with a specimen rolling direction. (3) A crack opening ratio of the used TMCP stel in this study was not changed after excessive loading but a retard phenomenon of crack propagation was observed. Consequently, it was thought that all of the retard phenomenon of crack propagation did not only a cause of the crack opening-and-closure phenomenon.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.86-93
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• 2009

The crack formation and the resistance of ITO film on PET substrate with a thickness of 20 nm were investigated as a function of strain. The onset strain for the increase of resistance increased with increasing strain rate, suggesting the crack initiation is dependent on the strain rate. Electrical resistance increased at the strain of 1.6% at the strain rates below $10^{-4}/sec$ while it increased at ${\sim}2%$ at the strain rates above $10^{-3}/sec$. The critical strain at which the cracks were formed is close to the proportional limit. Upon loading, the initial cracks perpendicular to the tensile axis were observed and propagated the whole sample width with increasing strain. The spacing between horizontal cracks is thought to be determined by the fracture strength and the interfacial strength between ITO and PET. The crack density increased with increasing strain. However, the effect of the strain rate on the crack density was less pronounced in ITO/PET with 20 nm ITO thickness than ITO/PET with 125 nm ITO thickness, the strength of ITO film is thought to increase as the thickness on ITO film decreases. The absence of cracks on ITO film at a strain as close as 1.5% can be attributed to the compressive residual stress of ITO film which was developed during cooling after the coating process. The higher critical strain for the onset of the resistance increase and the crack initiation of ITO/PET with a thinner ITO film (20 nm) can be linked with the higher strength of the thinner ITO film.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제77권1호
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• pp.103-114
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• 2021

Ultra high strength concrete (UHSC) originally proposed by Richards and Cheyrezy (1995) composed of cement, silica fume, quartz sand, quartz powder, steel fibers, superplasticizer etc. Later, other ingredients such as fly ash, GGBS, metakaoline, copper slag, fine aggregate of different sizes have been added to original UHSC. In the present investigation, the combined effect of coarse aggregate (6mm - 10mm) and steel fibers (0.50%, 1.0% and 1.5%) has been studied on UHSC mixes to evaluate mechanical and fracture properties. Compressive strength, split tensile strength and modulus of elasticity were determined for the three UHSC mixes. Size dependent fracture energy was evaluated by using RILEM work of fracture and size independent fracture energy was evaluated by using (i) RILEM work of fracture with tail correction to load - deflection plot (ii) boundary effect method. The constitutive relationship between the residual stress carrying capacity (σ) and the corresponding crack opening (w) has been constructed in an inverse manner based on the concept of a non-linear hinge from the load-crack mouth opening plots of notched three-point bend beams. It was found that (i) the size independent fracture energy obtained by using above two approaches yielded similar value and (ii) tensile stress increases with the increase of % of fibers. These two fracture properties will be very much useful for the analysis of cracked concrete structural components.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.11-20
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• 2013

5층 이하 비내진상세를 가지는 철근콘크리트 건축물의 지진시 긴급 위험도 평가를 위한 부재의 정량적 손상도 평가 기준을 제시하기 위하여 실대형 크기의 철근콘크리트 1층 1경간 골조 실험체의 정적실험을 실시하였다. 실험결과, 실험체는 기둥의 휨항복후 전단파괴에 의하여 파괴되었으며, 기둥과 접합부에 균열, 압괴 등의 손상이 발생한 반면, 보에는 균열 등의 손상이 거의 발생하지 않았다. 이와 같이 비내진상세를 가지며 휨항복후 전단파괴하는 철근콘크리트 기둥의 손상도를 5단계로 분류하고 손상단계별 한계상태를 평가하기 위한 정량적 기준으로서 지진시 상대적으로 측정이 용이한 잔류 층간변형각과 잔류 균열폭을 이용하였다. 손상한계상태의 잔류 층간변형각 및 잔류 균열폭은 실험결과에 따른 손상한계상태의 최대 층간변형각과의 관계에 의하여 결정하였으며, 한계 최대 층간변형각은 실험결과에 의한 부재의 하중-변형 관계 및 손상발생 현황을 바탕으로 결정하였다. 한계 잔류 층간변형각은 해당 최대 층간변형각에 의한 잔류 층간변형각 중의 최대값 이상이 되도록 하였으며, 한계 잔류 균열폭은 해당 최대 층간변형각에 의한 잔류 전단균열폭의 최소값 및 잔류 휨균열폭의 평균값으로 결정하였다. 한편, 본 논문을 통하여 제시한 손상한계상태의 잔류 층간변형각과 잔류 균열폭은 지진으로 동일한 부재 변형이 발생할 경우 내진설계가 실시된 부재를 대상으로 하는 국외 손상도 평가 기준에 의한 값보다 작은 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.103-110
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• 2019

In order to reduce the accidents occurring at construction sites, it is necessary to approach with harmonious measures considering various aspects such as systems, training, facilities, and protection equipments. Suggestion of safe construction method can be a good alternative. In the previous study, the half-depth precast deck with RC rib panel was proposed as an alternative method for safe bridge deck construction, and the performance required by the design code was verified through a four-point bending test. But the actual bridge deck is subjected to the repetitive action of the wheel load rather than the bending condition due to the four-point load. In this study, fatigue test was performed by repeating the wheel load $2{\times}10^6$ cycles to verify the safety of the half-depth precast deck with RC rib panel under actual conditions. As a result, fatigue effect due to repetition of wheel load was not significant in terms of serviceability such as crack width and deflection. In the residual strength test conducted after the fatigue test, the half-depth precast deck with RC rib panel failed by punching shear which is typical failure mode of bridge decks and the residual strength was similar to the punching strength of the RC and PSC bridge decks in spite of the fatigue effects.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.91-105
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• 2006

In this paper, post-earthquake capacity evaluation method of reinforced concrete buildings was studied. Substructure pseudo-dynamic test and static loading test of first story column in a four-story R/C building was carried out in order to investigate the validity of the evaluation method proposed in the Damage Assessment Guideline (JBDPA 2001). In pseudo-dynamic test, different levels of damage were induced in the specimens by pre-loading, and input levels of seismic motion, at which the specimens reached to the ultimate stage, were examined. From the experimental result, no significant difference in damage levels such as residual crack width between the specimens under static and pseudo-dynamic loading was found. It is shown that the seismic capacity reduction factors ${\eta}$ can provide a reasonable estimation of post-earthquake seismic capacity of R/C buildings suffered earthquakes.

• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.9-13
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• 2006

COF에 사용되는 구리배선은 폴리이미드 필름에 subtractive 방법을 이용하여 만들어지고 있으나 선폭이 작아짐에 따라 subtractive 방법은 폭방향으로 에칭 현상으로 인하여 사용에 제한이 되고 있다. Semi-additive 방법은 리소그래피 공정과 전기도금범을 사용하여 구리배선을 만드는 방법으로 $10-40{\mu}m$의 좁은 선폭에 대한 연구를 하였다. AZ4620과 PMER900의 두꺼운 PR을 사용하였으며 전기도금법을 이용하여 구리 배선을 형성하였다. 기존의 용액은 높은 잔류응력으로 인하여 구리도금층에 crack이 발생하였으며 via filling에 사용된 도금액을 사용한 경우 잔류응력이 낮아서 crack이 없는 구리배선을 얻을 수 있었다. 기지층의 에칭시 배선의 폭방향으로의 에칭 현상은 관찰되지 않았다.