• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.214-218
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• 1995

Elimination of residual captan during the storage and cooking process was investigated. The concentration of residual captan after sticking and drying fo captan on spinach was 2.938ppm. During storage of 5, 10, 15 and 20 days at 15$^{\circ}C$, the amount of residual captan decreased to 73.18, 80.80, 89.99 and 98.40% of the initial amount, respectively. When spinach was stored at 3$^{\circ}C$, the concentration of residual captan decreased to 58.20, 61.37, 72.84 and 76.31% and the storage was carried out at -17$^{\circ}C$, residual captan amount decreased to 7.18, 22.67, 34.58 and 40.91% of the initial amout, respectively according to the storage period. In the case of the residual captan of seasoned spinach, the storage of 2, 24 and 48 hours at 15$^{\circ}C$, the amout of residual captan decreased to 0.772(39.69%), 0.661(77.50%) and 0.063ppm(97.86%) of the initial amount, respectively. When spinach was stored at 3$^{\circ}C$, the amount of residual captan decreased to 2.344 (20.22%), 1.021(65.25%) and 0.329ppm(88.80%) and the storage was carried out at -17$^{\circ}C$, residual captan amount decreased to 2.428(17.36%), 1.520(48.26%) and 0.726ppm(75.29%) of the initial amount, respectively according to the storage period. In the case of the residual captan of spinach cooked with edible oil for 2, 4 and 6 minutes and then cooking oil was discarded, each decreasing rate of the captan sticked to thespinach was 96.29, 97.86 and 99.18%, respectively. The rate of removed the captan sticked to the spinach with oil was 73.32, 86.32 and 87.13%, respectively. From these results, the storage in room temperature and the addition of seasoning to the spinach could lead to decrease in the concentration of the residual captan, furthemore the cooking could inhance decreasing of residual captan.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2004

Amount of residual ink solvent on the packaging materials from Korea, Japan and Europe was measured and compared. The amount of packaging materials from Korea was much higher than that of Japan and Europe. To reduce the residual amounts of ink solvent, aging condition of printed packaging materials including aging time and temperature was modified and evaluated. Aging with high temperature and short time ($60^{\circ}C$ and 24 hours) was more effective for reduction of residual amount of ink solvent than that with low temperature and long time. To find out change of reduction pattern of residual amount of solvent according to plastic packaging material, several monolayer and multilayer packaging materials were selected. Among the monolayer packaging materials, the amount of EVOH and PET was lower than that of polyolefin plastic film including PE and PP. PP/EVOH/PET among the selected multilayer film showed the lowest amount of residual ink solvent on food packaging materials. Result of this research revealed that the residual amount of ink solvent can be reduced by proper selection of aging condition with and by appropriate application of mutilayer plastic film.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.55-60
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• 2004

Residual gas acts as a diluent which results in reducing the in-cylinder temperature as well as the flame speed, significantly affecting fuel economy, NOx emissions and combustion stability. Therefore it is important to determine the residual gas fraction as a function of the engine operating parameters accurately. However, the determination of the residual gas fraction is very sophisticated due to the unsteady state of induction and exhaust process. There has been little work toward the development of a generally applicable model for quantitative predictions of residual gas fraction. In this paper, a simple model for calculating the residual gas fraction in SI engines was suggested. The amount of fresh air was evaluated through AFR and fuel consumption. After this, from the intake temperature and pressure, the amount of total cylinder-charging gas was estimated. The residual gas fraction was derived by comparing the total charging and fresh air. This results coincide with measured EGR value very well.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.549-559
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to study accumlated residual soils which may be one of the causes for yellowing of worn cloths. Wear and wash tests of white cotton undershirts were repeated at 30 households sellected at random over a period of 60 days. Laundry conditions were similar to home laundry habits in a fact-finding survey, using a powdery heavy duty detergent containing no enzymes or enzymes. The subjects in this study were survey of laundry actual condition, the undershirts from prior to and after the final washing was measured residual soils, $L^*a^*b^*$ value and mellowness index of CIE system. D3ta were analysed by simple correlation analysis of wear and wash cycle, residual soils, whiteness The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. Using pattern of washing machine, Presoaking was no singinificant differnece in general characteristics of survey respondent. Laundry frequency was significant difference in income level, occupation of housewives whether or not. Use of cold and hot water was significant difference in residence shape. 2. The analyzed consequences of recognition and actual behavior in connection with laundry were found variables each other to have independence or not. 3. Amount of residual sebum soils is using non-enzyme detergent were much more than in using enzyme detergent, increased linearly with increase of the number of wear and wash cycles. 4. Residual protein soils with increase of the number wear and wash cycles less than in laundering more easy than sebum soils. Since accumulated residual sebum soils were much more than residual protein soils. 5. Increase of residual soils was raised mellowness index and diminshed whiteness. yellowness index of residual sebum soils was higher than protein soils. If increase of whiteness will be incresed, amount of residual sebum soils will be decreased sebum soils. Because amount of residual sebum soils much more than protein soils, yellowness index of residual sebum soils was more higher than that of protein soils.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.245-251
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• 2020

Background: This study tries to compare and analyze the removal effect of dental plaque of general dentifrice and pregnant women's dentifrice and quantify the results to provide basic data so that consumers can make reasonable choices when purchasing dentifrice, and also increase interest in the dental plaque. Methods: After forming a dental plaque (carbohydrate porridge) on the labial surface of the bovine teeth, a disclosing agent was applied. Then the same experimenter brushed the surface of the bovine teeth using an electric toothbrush and took photographs using a DSLR camera. Thereafter, the residual amount of dental plaque was analyzed using the ImageJ program, and SPSS 26.0 was used for statistical processing. Results: The average residual amount of dental plaque using the general dentifrice was 11.71% for Perio, 9.45% for Cliden, and 8.47% for 2080, and the average residual amount for the three types was approximately 9.88%. The average residual amount of dental plaque of pregnant women's dentifrice was 13.95% for Jeninmothers, 12.53% for Tntnmoms, and 12.63% for Mommiracle, and the average residual amount of the three types was approximately 13.04%. On comparing the average residual amount of dental plaque between general and pregnant women's dentifrices, it was observed to be 3.16% higher for the latter. However, the results were not statistically significant. Conclusion: According to the research results, there was no significant difference in removal effects of general dentifrice and pregnant women's dentifrice. In addition, when a pregnant woman uses the right toothbrushing method with pregnant women's dentifrice, it can prevent or inhibit the progression of the gestational periodontal disease. Therefore, we recommend pregnant women to use pregnant women's dentifrices.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.10-19
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• 1984

The $3{\times}3{\times}30$ ($cm^3$) sized lumbers of Populus alba-grandulosa L. were treated with four fire-retardant solutions of ammonium sulfate, monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate and aluminium chloride for 1, 15, 30, and 60 minutes and 1, 3, and 7 days. Thereafter they were air-dried and burned at high temperature about $1,800^{\circ}C$ and for short time of five minutes. This study estimated the relationship between absorbed chemical amounts and rate of weight loss or residual bending strength of these burned lumbers. The results were as follows: 1) In absorption amount of fire-retardant chemicals, diammonium phosphate showed the largest, aluminium chloride the smallest, but monoammonium phosphate and ammonium sulfate showed similar level. 2) The absorption amount of chemicals was decreased with the increase of specific gravity in the same species except aluminium chloride. 3) The rate of weight loss was decreased as the absorption amount of chemicals increased, especially monoammonium phosphate was most effective. 4) The MOR value of the residual bending strength was increased as the absorption amount of chemicals increased and especially monoammonium phosphate showed the most efficient effect. 5) Aluminium chloride showed more striking increase of MOR value of residual bending strength with the increase of absorption amount than any other chemical, therefore its MOR value was similar to the maximum MOR value of the most effective monoammonium phosphate. 6) The correlation between weight loss and MOR value of the residual bending strength was negative and aluminium chloride showed the most striking negative relation, but the others showed similar trends. 7) The correlation between work to proportional limit and absorption amount of chemicals was positive and the degree of increase in work to proportional limit was most in aluminium chloride, and the next, in monoammonium phosphate and diammonium phosphate in turn. 8) The correlation between work to maximum load and absorption amount of chemicals showed positive and diammonium phosphate revealed the best result and aluminium chloride showed better results than other two chemicals.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.19-24
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• 2015

PURPOSES : The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of the residual mortar of recycled concrete aggregate on the expansion behavior during alkali silica reaction (ASR). METHODS: In order to evaluate the net effect of residual mortar on ASR expansion behavior, two aggregate samples with the same original virgin aggregate source but different residual mortar volumes were used. ASTM C1260 test was used to evaluate the ASR expansion behavior of these two aggregates and the original virgin aggregate. RESULTS: The greater the amount of residual mortar in recycled concrete aggregates, the less is the induced ASR expansion. Depending on the amount of residual mortar in recycled concrete aggregate, the ASR expansion of recycled concrete aggregate may be less than half of that of the original virgin aggregate. CONCLUSIONS: The residual mortar of recycled concrete aggregate may lead to the under estimation of the ASR expansion behavior of the original virgin aggregate.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.11-18
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• 2002

Residual gas fraction in an engine cylinder affects engine performance, efficiency and emission characteristics. With high residual gas fractions, a flame speed and maximum combustion temperature are decreased and these are deeply related with combustion stability especially at idle and NOx emission at relatively high engine load. In this work, the residual gas fraction was calculated by an engine simulation code, which was validated by the experimental data (cylinder pressure and emissions) obtained from 4-cyliner spark ignition engine. A comparison between experimental and computational calculation results was made. The residual gas is generated mostly at low engine speed by the larger pressure difference between the intake and exhaust port. As the valve overlap duration was increased, the amount of residual gas in the cylinder, the amount of HC emission in the exhaust gas and the variation of power output increased.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2001.11b
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• pp.903-908
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• 2001

Residual gas acts as a diluent which results in reducing the in-cylinder temperature as well as the flame speed, significantly affecting fuel economy, NOx emissions and combustion stability. Therefore it is important to determine the residual gas fraction as a function of the engine operating parameters accurately. However, the determination of the residual gas fraction is very sophisticated due to the unsteady state of induction and exhaust process. There has been little work toward the development of a generally applicable model for quantitative predictions of residual gas fraction. In this paper, a simple model for calculating the residual gas fraction in SI engines was formulated. The effects of engine operating parameters on the residual gas were also investigated. The amount of fresh air was evaluated through AFR and fuel consumption. After this, from the intake temperature and pressure, the amount of total cylinder-charging gas was estimated. The residual fraction was derived by comparing the total charging and fresh air. This results coincide with measured value very well.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.26 no.10
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• pp.2018-2025
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• 2002

It is well known that the strength and the fatigue life of welded steel components are affected extensively by welding residual stresses distributed around their weldments under not only monotonic but also cyclic loads. The externally applied loads are to be superimposed with the welding residual stresses, so that unexpected deformations and failures of the components might occur. These residual stresses are not kept constant, but relaxed or redistributed during in service. Under monotonic loads the relaxation takes place when the sum of external and welding residual stress exceeds locally the yield stress of material used. By the way, it is shown that under cyclic loads the welding residual stress is considerably relieved by the first or the early cycles of loads, and then gradually relaxed with increasing loading cycles. Although many investigations in this field have been carried out, the phenomenon and mechanism of the stress relaxation are still not clear, and there are few comprehensive models to predict amount of relaxed welding residual stress. In this study, the characteristics of the welding residual stress relaxation under monotonic and cyclic loads were investigated, and a model to predict quantitatively amount of welding residual stress relaxation was proposed.