• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.268-277
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• 1998

The numerical procedure for calculating non-uniform residual stress fields by using relieved strain data from incremental hole drilling method is presented. Finite element calculations are described to evaluate the relieved coefficients required for the determination of residual stresses. From the results of simulations it is found that this numerical method is well adopted to measuring non-uniform residual stress in the hole depth range of 0.8 times of the hole diameter from the surface. In order to examine the practicability of this method, the hole drilling procedure for the four point bending test is performed. This method is applied to the measurement of residual stresses in the cold-rolled steel pipe. It is shown that the magnitude of residual stress in the pipe is not negligible when compared with yield stress and the residual stress should be duly considered in designing structures with this pipes.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.21 no.B
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• pp.213-222
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• 2001

In the study, the fatigue strength improvement and mechanism have been estimated by the Spot-Heating treatment on welded bead toes. For this, web-gusset specimens were made without residual stresses and the others with residual stresses imposed by Spot-Heating. The 4-point bending tests were performed in order to estimate the effect of spot-heating on fatigue strength and fatigue characteristics quantitatively for non load-carrying fillet welded joints subjected to pure bending. As a result of fatigue test, fatigue strength of As-Welded specimen for non load-carrying fillet welded joints subjected to pure bending has satisfied the grade of fatigue prescribed in specifications of korea, AASHTO and JSSC. As compare with As-Welded specimen and Spot-Heating specimen have increased about 20% for the fatigue strength at $7.7{\times}10^6$ cycles. The Spot-Heating by reformation of the residual stress on welded bead toes has greatly affected the fatigue crack propagation life, but has slightly affected the fatigue crack initiation life.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society For Composite Materials Conference
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.245-248
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• 2005

During manufacturing thick composite cylinders, large thermal residual stresses are developed and induce catastrophic interlaminar failures. Since the residual stresses are dependent on many process parameters, such as temperature distribution during cure, cure shrinkage, winding tension, and migration of fibers, calculation of the residual stresses is very difficult. Therefore a radial-cut method have been used to measure the residual stresses in the composite cylinders. But the conventional radial-cut method needs to know numerous material properties which are not only troublesome to obtain but also vary with change of fiber arrangement during consolidation. In this paper, a new radial-cut method with cut-cylinder-bending test was proposed and the measured residual stresses were compared with calculated thermal residual stresses. It was found that the new radial-cut method which does not need to know any of material properties gave better estimation of residual stresses regardless of radial variation of material properties. Additionally, interlaminar tensile strength could be obtained by the cut-cylinder-bending test.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.30-34
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• 2015

Residual stresses are inherently introduced into the engineering components during manufacturing including rolling, forging, bending and welding processes. Excessive residual stresses are known to be detrimental to the proper integrity and performance of components. Neutron diffraction has become a well-established technique for the determination of residual stresses in welds. The deep penetration capability of neutrons into most metallic materials makes neutron diffraction a powerful tool for the residual stress measurements through the thickness of the weld specimen. Furthermore, the unique volume-averaged bulk characteristic of the scattering beam and mapping capability in three dimensions is suitable for the engineering purpose. In this presentation, the neutron diffraction measurements of the residual stresses will be introduced and measurement results will highlighted in thick weld plates.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.493-496
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• 2008

The residual stress generated in the boron steel blank formed via hot press forming process was predicted by JMatPro, a material property modeler, and Abaqus. The numerical predictions were compared by the experimental measurements obtained by the instrumented indentation. Both the predicted and measured principal stresses monitored at the outer surface of central bending position were qualitatively in good agreement. It was concluded that the residual stresses generated from hot forming process is not negligible as it has been generally assumed, although the spring back deformation is quite small. This should be specially considered from the part design stage since the tensile nature of the residual stress exhibited on the surface may lead to the stress corrosion cracking.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.196-200
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• 2002

In this paper, the straightening process of a steel bar straightener is studied. The straightener carries out the bending and reverse bending process repeatedly. Plastic theory is employed for the analysis of roller-supporting-load, and the residual stress and the axial load of a steel bar are calculated by using the bending moment. The Bauschinger effect and plastic moment are calculated by using the residual stress and Swift's method respectively. It is verified from the experiments that the displacement calculated from theory makes it possible to straighten a steel bar.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.5-10
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• 2013

Steel plates are widely used in many manufacturing areas such as ship and bridge construction industries and are fabricated by different forming processes. Steel plates can have various shape defects, such as curl or camber. Roller leveling reduces the magnitude of the residual stress by using small amounts of reverse bending via an appropriate arrangement of the rolls and the associated plastic deformation in the steel plate. In this study a model for the residual stress after roller leveling is developed. In order to simplify the formulation, a plane-strain condition is assumed and the stress in the thickness direction is assumed to be negligible. The camber deformation in a real sized plate are measured and compared with the prediction values from the model to validate the accuracy of the model.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.259-267
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• 2016

Most manufacturing processes, including welding, create residual stresses. Residual stresses can reduce material strength and cause fractures. For estimating the reliability and aging of a welded structure, residual stresses should be evaluated as precisely as possible. Optical techniques such as holographic interferometry, electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI), Moire interferometry, and shearography are noncontact means of measuring residual stresses. Among optical techniques, ESPI is typically used as a nondestructive measurement technique of in-plane displacement, such as stress and strain, and out-of-plane displacement, such as vibration and bending. In this study, ESPI was used to measure the residual stress on the welded part of butt-welded American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) A36 specimens with $CO_2$ welding. Four types of specimens, base metal specimen (BSP), tensile specimen including welded part (TSP), compression specimen including welded part (CSP), and annealed tensile specimen including welded part (ATSP), were tested. BSP was used to obtain the elastic modulus of a base metal. TSP and CSP were used to compare residual stresses under tensile and compressive loading conditions. ATSP was used to confirm the effect of heat treatment. Residual stresses on the welded parts of specimens were obtained from the phase map images obtained by ESPI. The results confirmed that residual stresses of welded parts can be measured by ESPI.

• Proceedings of the Korea Committee for Ocean Resources and Engineering Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.366-372
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• 2002

Recently the steel parts used at automobiles are required to be used under high stress more than ever before in need of the weight down. To achieve this requirement of a high strength steel, it must be necessary to decrease inclusion content and surface deject as like decarburization, surface roughness etc.. In this study, the surface conditions are measured to know tile influence on fatigue properties by two cases of shot peening of two-stage shot peening and single-stage shot peening. And for this study, three kinds of spring steel (JISG4081-SUP7,SAE 9254, DIN 50CrV4, ) are made. This study shows the outstanding improvement of fatigue properties at tire case of two-stage shot peening in the rotary bending fatigue test and this is assumed to be from (1) Decreasing the surface roughness (2) Unchanging the surface hardness (3) Increasing the compressive residual stress But, results also show fatigue failures originated at inclusion near surface, and this inclusion type is turned out to be a alumina of high hardness.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.31-35
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• 2009

When conducting CTOD test, especially in thick welded steel plate, fatigue pre-cracking occasionally failed to satisfy the requirements of standards thus making the test result invalid. Internally accumulated residual stress of test piece has been thought as one of the main reasons. The propagation of fatigue crack, started from the tip of machined notch, which might have propagated irregularly due to residual stress field. To overcome this kind of difficulty three methods to modify the residual stress are suggested in standard i.e. local compression, reverse bending and stepwise high-R ratio method. In this paper not only multi pass welding but also local pre-compressing process of thick steel plate has been simulated using finite element method for clarifying variation of internal welding residual stress. The simulated results show that welding residual stress is compressive in the middle section of the model and it is predominantly increased after machining the specimen. Comparing as-welded state all component of the welding residual stress changing to compressive in the tip of machine notch whereas residual stress of the outer area remain as tensile condition relatively. Analysis results also show that this irregular residual stress distribution is improved to be more uniformly by applying local compression.