• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.41-45
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• 2003

The 42V Mild Hybrid System has been released into market by Toyota for the first time in the world in 2001. The set-up employs an inverter unit to control the motor/generator (MG) electronically. The driving system called such as Toyota Mild Hybrid System (TMHS) has additional new functions to conventional internal combustion engines. When stopping vehicle, the engine stops promptly. When starting vehicle, by releasing the brake pedal MG starts the vehicle at the same time (EV-driving mode). When stepping on the accelerator pedal, or after a given period of time the engine firing occurs and the engine-driving mode starts. When running by motor, the power is supplied to the motor from 36V battery through the inverter. High outputs and instant responses are required for Inverter. At the same time, the compact volume is required to fit into the limited space of the engine room. The compact size and high output are also required to Power Capacitor used for this inverter. The power capacitors has been newly developed, shaped in "flat" type, suitably for the inverter. The points of developments on inverter and power capacitor are described in this paper.his paper.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.583-589
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• 2009

GTP cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH) is a key enzyme in the de novo synthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin. Previously, the Drosophila melanogaster GTPCH gene has been shown to be expressed from two different promoters (P1 and P2). In our study, the 5'-flanking DNA regions required for P1 and P2 promoter activities were characterized using transient expression assay. The DNA regions between -98 and +31, and between -73 and +35 are required for efficient P1 and P2 promoter activities, respectively. The regions between -98 and -56 and between -73 and -41 may contain critical elements required for the expression of GTPCH in Drosophila. By aligning the nucleotide sequences in the P1 and P2 promoter regions of the Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila virilrs GTPCH genes, several conserved elements including palindromic sequences in the regions critical for P1 and P2 promoter activities were identified. Western blot analysis of transgenic flies transformed using P1 or P2 promoter-lacZ fusion plasmids further revealed that P1 promoter expression is restricted to the late pupae and adult developmental stages but that the P2 promoter driven expression of GTPCH is constitutive throughout fly development. In addition, X-gal staining of the embryos and imaginal discs of transgenic flies suggests that the P2 promoter is active from stage 13 of embryo and is generally active in most regions of the imaginal discs at the larval stages.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.497-502
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• 2009

In mouse embryos, somite formation occurs every two hours, and this periodic event is regulated by a biological clock called the segmentation clock, which involves cyclic expression of the basic helix-loop-helix gene Hes7. Hes7 expression oscillates by negative feedback and is cooperatively regulated by Fgf and Notch signaling. Both loss of expression and sustained expression of Hes7 result in severe somite fusion, suggesting that Hes7 oscillation is required for proper somite segmentation. Expression of a related gene, Hes1, also oscillates by negative feedback with a period of about two hours in many cell types such as neural progenitor cells. Hes1 is required for maintenance of neural progenitor cells, but persistent Hes1 expression inhibits proliferation and differentiation of these cells, suggesting that Hes1 oscillation is required for their proper activities. Hes1 oscillation regulates cyclic expression of the proneural gene Neurogenin2 (Ngn2) and the Notch ligand Delta1, which in turn lead to maintenance of neural progenitor cells by mutual activation of Notch signaling. Taken together, these results suggest that oscillatory expression with short periods (ultradian oscillation) plays an important role in many biological events.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제16호
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• pp.75-81
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• 1998

With the rise of the economic level and the improvement of the standard of living the size of the interior work is becoming large and specialized, With the recent opening of the domestic interior decoration market the order of the large-scale interior decoration work is actively received and its efficient construction is vigorously made. Accordingly reliability is required in keeping with all the accuracy of computing interior construction expenses systematically is importantly emerging. The estimation sheet written in a kind of process mode and in an area made as the construction expense breakdown mode were statistically treated and analyzed as well as quantity computation breakdown data. In determing the major factors that expert an influence on the factors of changes in construction expenses as well as the compositional ratio of construction work that becomes basic material for developing the cost model of interior decoration work the following conclusion could be made: Improvement should be made to suit the present situation by synthesizing and arranging the data practically used in current interior construction expenses. Required construction expenses for the kind of work common to each construction field are showing a given proportion and the required construction expenses of rather small scale interior construction work tend to be irregular. It is necessary to compute optimal construction expenses by calculating the optimal period of work and working personnel in consideration of the influential factor in each work.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 2009년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.318-318
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• 2009

The door stiffness is one of the important factors side impact. Generally, the researches have been conducted on the assembled door module. This study is to analysis the side impact characteristics for automotives door module. The impact characteristics have been determined by door module side impact test machine. To determine the initial, intermediate and peak crush resistances use the plot of load versus displacement and obtain the integral of the applied load with respect to the crush distances specified below for each door tested. The initial crush resistance is the average force required to deform the door through the initial 6 inches of crush. The intermediate crush resistance is the average force required to deform the door through the initial 12 inches of crush. The peak crush resistance will be directly obtained from the plot of load versus displacement since it is the largest force required to deform the door through the entire 18 inches crush distance. The data are used to determine if a specific vehicle or item of automotives equipment meets the minimum performance requirements of the subject Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard(FMVSS). FMVSS Static 214, Side impact protection, specifies performance requirements for protection of occupants in side impact crashes.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.357-362
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• 2011

Complete mixture preparation of reactants prior to catalytic reforming is an enormously important step for successful operation of a fuel reformer. Incomplete mixing between fuel and reforming agents such as air and steam can cause temperature overshoot and deposit formation which can lead the failure of operation. For that purpose it is required to apply computational models describing coupled kinetics and transport phenomena in the mixing region, which are computationally expensive. Therefore, it is advantageous to analyze the gas-phase reaction kinetics prior to application of the coupled model. This study suggests one of the important design constraints, the required residence time in the mixing chamber to avoid substantial gas-phase reactions which can lead serious deposit formation on the downstream catalyst. The reactivity of various gaseous and liquid fuels were compared, then liquid fuels are far more reactive than gaseous fuels. n-Octane was used as a surrogate among the various hydrocarbons, which is one of the traditional liquid fuel surrogates. The conversion was slighted effected by reactants composition described by O/C and S/C. Finally, threshold residence times in the mixing region of a hydrocarbon reformer were studied and the mixing chamber is required to be designed to make complete mixture of reactants by tens of milliseconds at the temperature lower than $400^{\circ}C$.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.31-42
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• 2013

This study identifies the current status of hanok design process and required design information through individual survey and interview with hanok architects and builders to suggest a proposal. Current design system turns out to be a common design process not reflecting hanok's unique mechanism of production. The proposal consists of the alternative design process, 'Initial survey / Site and structural planning / Spatial layout and form / Openings, interior and exterior elements design / Detail design', containing the specialty of hanok's mechanism, and the lists of design information required in its each stage. The proposed design process also emphasizes the significance of consultation in a way of designing coordination, and classifies the specific contents for each consultation moments. The study is expected to contribute for architects including the group who are not specialized in hanok to improve the architectural quality by following the systematic design process. Also the design system provides a framework to organize the vast range of design information being recently developed in the technique-oriented area.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.7-13
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• 2012

Objective: This paper discussed the characteristics of service design process by comparing with product design process. Background: Service design has different design outcomes, project participants, and design constraints than product design. Method: The comparison took two perspectives: one was shorter-term, design process of a service, and the other was longer-term, process of service development. Results: It was discussed that service design process is similar in overall, but has four differences. First, the role of design is required earlier and longer in the process, which means service designers need to participate from the begging of the project to service operation. Thus service designers are required to have holistic viewpoint of the project. Second, service design requires many design expertise thus collaboration needs to be well defined and managed throughout the process. Third, since service provider has limited resources, regulations, and market competition, some service features cannot be provided. Service designers are required to know both customers' needs and functional constraints. Last, service design is highly coupled with service operation. Designing and providing service happens at the same time and evolves over time. Conclusion: Consequently it was asserted that the role of designers in service design is essential for success. In specific, the role of service design architect, who manages design process and design outcomes, is a new and important role in service design project.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.463-479
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• 2020

Currently, there are many lateral resisting systems utilized in resisting lateral loads being produced in an earthquake. Such systems can significantly reduce the roof's displacement when placed at an optimum location. Since in the design of tall buildings, the minimum distance between adjacent buildings is important. In this paper, the critical excitation method is used to determine the best location of the belt truss system while calculating the minimum required distance between two adjacent buildings. For this purpose, the belt truss system is placed at a specific story. Then the critical earthquakes are computed so that the considered constraints are satisfied, and the value of roof displacement is maximized. This procedure is repeated for all stories; i.e., for each, a critical acceleration is computed. From this set of computed roof displacement values, the story with the least displacement is selected as the best location for the belt truss system. Numerical studies demonstrate that absolute roof displacements induced through critical accelerations range between 5.36 to 1.95 times of the San Fernando earthquake for the first example and 7.67 to 1.22 times of the San Fernando earthquake for the second example. This method can also be used to determine the minimum required distance between two adjacent buildings to eliminate the pounding effects. For this purpose, this value is computed based on different standard codes and compared with the results of the critical excitation method to show the ability of the proposed method.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.117-124
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• 2001

This study was conducted as a part of project developing the standards of the national board test for dietitian's licences. The purpose of this study was to define the job specification for dietitian's job description based on the knowledge, skill, attitude and related to the curriculum. The study team established the research team which composed of 11 person(7 professor in the university and 4 dietitians in hospitals, schools and private firms). The job description composed of 17 duties, 99 tasks and 576 task elements. For each element, the job specifications are written, which composed of introduction, process, required equipments, and required ability. Required ability included knowledge, skill and attitudes. The relations of the knowledge, skill and attitudes with the possible curriculum currently operated in the college or university were analyzed, also. Job specifications for 576 task elements are analyzed and framed.