• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.217-223
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• 2006

전국 65개 시군에 소재하는 착유우 20두 이상 규모의 760개 목장에서 85,983두를 대상으로 초음파 번식 검진 및 치료를 실시하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 번식 검진우 85,983두 중 난소 질병이 40,399(47.0 %)로 가장 많았으며 자궁 질병 11,912두(13.9%), 임신 및 임신기 사고가 26,587두(30.9%), 난소나 자궁의 유착이 172두(0.2%), 프리마틴 8두(0.01%)그리고 분만 후 50일 이내로서 정상적인 발정 주기와 같은 기타가 6,905두(8.3%)로 나타났다. 번식 검진우에서 번식 장애에 대해 치료를 실시하였던 소는 30,241두로 이중 둔성 발정 또는 발정 발견의 잘못 14,909(49.3%), 난포낭종 3,750(12.4 %), 황체낭종 907두 (3.0%), 난소 기능부전 665두 (2.2%) 및 난소의 과립막 세포종 3두(0.01%)로 난소 질병이 20,234두로 66.9%를 차지 했고 나머지는 자궁 질병과 기타 질병이었는데 자궁 질병 중에서는 자궁 내막염이 6,986두(23.1%)로 가장 많았다. 정기적인 번식 검진 효과를 번식 지표로서 확인해 보았던 바 평균 분만 간격은 번식 검진 이전에는 475일이었으나 번식 검진 이후에도 381일로 단축되었고, 공태기는 186일에서 98일로 단축, 분만 후 첫 수정까지의 평균 일수는 106일에서 66일로 단축, 분만 후 60일 이내에 발정을 보여 주었던 소의 비율은 32%에서 90%로 증가, 첫 수정시 수태율은 42%에서 64%로 증가, 수태당 수정 회수는 2.6회에서 1.8회로 단축되었다. 따라서 정기적인 검진은 조기 임신 진단, 번식장애의 정확한 진단 및 적절한 치료로서 번식 효율을 증가시켜 농가의 생산성을 향상시켰다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.293-297
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• 1998

Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, or the lack of function of the testis or ovary secondary to the lack of pituitary and or hypothalamic trophic hormones, is also sometimes generally termed Kallmann's syndrome. Whether such deficiencies arise from an inborn error of hypothalamic organization and pituitary connection or damage to the hypothalamic pituitary system in prepubertal life, the manifestations of a eunuchoid or apubertal individual with potentially competent pituitary and gonadal function will result. Beyond the achievement of puberty, a similar situation can be recreated by the administration of a long-acting GnRH analog or by conditions of secondary hypothalamic dysfunction such as anorexia nervosa where shutdown of GnRH and its resultant effects cause cessation of gonadal function and even a regression of secondary sexual characteristics. Technically, these conditions are not Kallmann's syndrome but one must recognize the similarities. We have experienced a case of isolated gonadotropin deficiency which showed a negative KALIG-1 gene in infertile patient with primary amenorrhea. So we report this case with a brief review of literatures.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.107-112
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• 1989

In order to compare the nocturnal penile erection and the erection induced by intracavernosal injection of papaverine, digital palpation of penis, erectile angle, and the rigigram using $Rigiscan^{(R)}$ were evaluated in 38 erectile dysfunction patients(13 psychogenic, 18 vasculogenic, 1 neurogenic, 3 vasculo-neurcgenic, and 3 undetermined). The following results were obtained. 1. Among the 32 patients of the nocturnal penile erection > 40% on rigigram, only 15 patients(46.9 %) demonstrated rigidity > 4+, a sufficient rigidity for sexual intercourse, on papaverine test. 2. The maximal degree of rigidity was also measured by the erectile angle of the penis. Among the 32 patients of nocturnal penile erection > 40% on rigigram, 23 patients(71.9%) had an angle > $45^{\circ}$. 3. Sixteen patients(42.1%) demonstrated similar increase in the maximal circumferential expansion of the distal portion of the penis on nocturnal penile erection and papaverine-induced erection. Nineteen patients showed larger circumferential expansion on nocturnal penile erection than on papaverine-induced erection. Fifteen patients showed similar circumferential increase of the basal portion of the penis on nocturnal penile erection and artificial erection, while 12 patients(31.6 %) showed larger circumferential increase on artificial erection than on nocturnal penile erection. 4. In the 15 patients of nocturnal penile erection > 40 % on rigigram and > 4+ on papaverine test, the duration of maintenance of the maximum erection on nocturnal penile erection and artificial erection proved to be not proportional. Thus, the arthficial erection induced by papaverine and the nocturnal penile erection can not to be said to be of same in nature and therefore, in order to make more definite diagnosis, both tests should be done and compared.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.238-241
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• 2011

A 35-year-old man with infertility was referred for chromosomal analysis. In routine cytogenetic analysis, the patient was seen to have additional material of unknown origin on the terminal region of the short arm of chromosome 4. To determine the origin of the unknown material, we carried out high-resolution banding, comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), and FISH. CGH showed a gain of signal on the region of $4q32{\rightarrow}q35$. FISH using whole chromosome painting and subtelomeric region probes for chromosome 4 confirmed the aberrant chromosome as an intrachromosomal insertion duplication of $4q32{\rightarrow}q35$. Duplication often leads to some phenotypic abnormalities; however, our patient showed an almost normal phenotype except for congenital dysfunction in spermatogenesis.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.435-439
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• 2011

Sildenafil citrate (SIL) a phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor (PDE5I) has been used for long time as a first line oral drug for erectile dysfunction. Though it has beneficial effects on erectile organ it also has some adverse effects in other cells and/or tissues related to reproductive system when exposed to longer duration. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the long term effect of SIL on sperm parameters in Wistar albino rat. The animals are divided into two groups, for group I - rats were treated with saline (vehicle alone) and group - II oral administration of 5 mg/kg b.w. of SIL was administrated orally once in a day for 120 days. At the end of the trial period animals were sacrificed and epididymal sperm were subjected to various analysis. Results showed significant reduction in sperm count, motility, viability and morphologically intact sperm in long term PDE5I exposed animals when compared to control. Acrosomal status and fertility test also showed significant reduction in long term PDE5I exposed animals. The present study clearly indicated that long term SIL has shown to induce alteration in sperm quality and quantity, leading to decline in fertility rate. Indicate that SIL impinge on spermatogenesis as well as epididymal function. Understanding the molecular down-stream events involved in long-term exposure to PDE5 inhibitor can be valuable to supervise on related infertility issues and to suggest corrective measures.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.23-34
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• 1981

In order to study twin pregnancies, a retrospective survey was carried out in Yonsei University, Severance Hospital. Twin deliveries during 1967-1976 numbered altogether 264, and their relative frequency was 1.30%. Clinical palpation in addition to auscultation and roentgenologic technique had been used in the twin diagnosis. The diagnosis was made prior to delivery in 93.18% of the cases. The deliveries took place in the 37.26th (S.D. 3.95) gestational weeks on an average. The mean weights of the infants were-A (first baby) 2416.03g. (S.D. 802.61), and B (second baby) 2299.81g. (S.D. 190.31). The most common manner of twin delivery was spontaneous vaginal delivery. Cesarean section was done in 14.39%, of which the most common indication was hypotonic uterine dysfunction (34.21 %). Low one minute Apgar scores occured more often in B twins than among A twins. Breech delivery gave low one minute Apgar scores more often than did spontaneous vertex delivery in both twins. Full term twins and infants weighing more than 2500g. had fewer low one minute Apgar scores than the preterm infants and those with low birth weight. Perinatal mortality (PNM) in the total series was 14.77% (A 12.50% and B17.05%). The most common cause of perinatal mortality was prematurity in 44.87%. The worst outcome was recorded for the age groups 15-19 and ${\geqq}$40, in which perinatal mortality were 50.00%, respectively. The perinatal mortality of both A and B infants was lowest in the group diagnosed early during antenatal care before delivery. On the basis of our findings, we wish to emphasize particularly the importance of the early diagnosis of twins.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.175-184
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• 1992

These experiments were investigate the effects of bacterial infection of uterus and vagina during bovine embryo transferring on the development of embryo. We examined the distribution of reproductive disordered cow by akind of disease, identified the bacteria isolated from the vagina of those cows and bacterial infectin of media and its treatment with several kinds of antibiotics at that. The results obtained were summarized as follows ; 1. The total 592 reproductive disordered cows were caused by ovarian dysfunction(43.4%), ovary-uterus complication(24.5%), endometrities(17.7%), and repeat breeder(12.0%). 2. The main bacteria among 11 kinds of bacteria(113 colonies) was E. coli(38 colonies, 33.6%). Likewise, E. coli was propotioned to 23 and 22.7% among bacteria from vagina of endometritis and repeat breeder, respectively. 3. The sensitivities of viginal bacteria to pencillin and streptomycin were 6.2 and 4.4% respectively, but those to gentamycin and chloramphenicol were 22.1 and 16.8%, respectively. The similar sensitivities were found in the embryo recovery media. 4. The rates of bacterial infection of recovery medim and that of abnormal development of embryo were 75 and 80%, respectively. 5. The antibiotic sensitivity assay of ova recovery media showed gentamicin and chloramphenicol gave better results than streptomycin and penicillin. 6. The developmental rate of 1-cell stage mice embryos was 34.0% in bacterial infected culture media, but was 40.0, 58.0, 40.0 or 30.0% with the treatment of kanamycin, gentamycin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, or penicillin, respectively.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.146-151
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• 2017

Objective: To identify differences in the expression of the genes for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor $(PPAR)-{\gamma}$, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$ in granulosa cells (GCs) from polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients and controls undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation. Methods: Nine patients with PCOS and six controls were enrolled in this study. On the day of oocyte retrieval, GCs were collected from pooled follicular fluid. Total mRNA was extracted from GCs. Reverse transcription was performed and gene expression levels were quantified by realtime quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results: There were no significant differences in age, body mass index, and total gonadotropin dose, except for the ratio of luteinizing hormone to follicle-stimulating hormone between the PCOS and control groups. $PPAR-{\gamma}$ and COX-2 mRNA was significantly downregulated in the GCs of PCOS women compared with controls (p= 0.034 and p= 0.018, respectively), but the expression of IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA did not show significant differences. No significant correlation was detected between the expression of these mRNA sequences and clinical characteristics, including the number of retrieved oocytes, oocyte maturity, cleavage, or the good embryo rate. Positive correlations were found among the $PPAR-{\gamma}$, COX-2, IL-6, and $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA levels. Conclusion: Our data may provide novel clues regarding ovarian GC dysfunction in PCOS, and indirectly provide evidence that the effect of $PPAR-{\gamma}$ agonists in PCOS might result from alterations in the ovarian follicular environment. Further studies with a larger sample size are required to confirm these proposals.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.248-258
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• 2022

Objective: This research investigated the effects of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)-producing peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) on the implantation rate and embryo attachment in mice. Methods: In this experimental study, a DNA fragment of the HCG gene was cloned into an expression vector, which was transfected into PBMCs. The concentration of the produced HCG was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Embryo attachment was investigated on the co-cultured endometrial cells and PBMCs in vitro. As an in vivo experiment, intrauterine administration of PBMCs was done in plaque-positive female mice. Studied mice were distributed into five groups: control, embryo implantation dysfunction (EID), EID with produced HCG, EID with PBMCs, and EID with HCG-producing PBMCs. Uterine horns were excised to characterize the number of implantation sites and pregnancy rate on day 7.5 post-coitum. During an implantation window, the mRNA expression of genes was evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: DNA fragments were cloned between the BamHI and EcoRI sites in the vector. About 465 pg/mL of HCG was produced in the transfected PBMCs. The attachment rate, pregnancy rate, and the number of implantation sites were substantially higher in the HCG-producing PBMCs group than in the other groups. Significantly elevated expression of the target genes was observed in the EID with HCG-producing PBMCs group. Conclusion: Alterations in gene expression following the intrauterine injection of HCG-producing PBMCs, could be considered a possible cause of increased embryo attachment rate, pregnancy rate, and the number of implantation sites.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.50-60
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• 2024

Objective: Testicular fat deposition has been reported to affect animal reproduction. However, the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. The present study explored whether sperm meiosis and testosterone synthesis contribute to mouse testicular fat deposition-induced reproductive performance. Methods: High fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity CD1 mice (DIO) were used as a testicular fat deposition model. The serum hormone test was performed by agent kit. The quality of sperm was assessed using a Sperm Class Analyzer. Testicular tissue morphology was analyzed by histochemical methods. The expression of spermatocyte marker molecules was monitored by an immuno-fluorescence microscope during meiosis. Analysis of the synthesis of testosterone was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and reagent kit. Results: It was found that there was a significant increase in body weight among DIO mice, however, the food intake showed no difference compared to control mice fed a normal diet (CTR). The number of offspring in DIO mice decreased, but there was no significant difference from the CTR group. The levels of follicle-stimulating hormone were lower in DIO mice and their luteinizing hormone levels were similar. The results showed a remarkable decrease in sperm density and motility among DIO mice. We also found that fat accumulation affected the meiosis process, mainly reflected in the cross-exchange of homologous chromosomes. In addition, overweight increased fat deposition in the testis and reduced the expression of testosterone synthesis-related enzymes, thereby affecting the synthesis and secretion of testosterone by testicular Leydig cells. Conclusion: Fat accumulation in the testes causes testicular cell dysfunction, which affects testosterone hormone synthesis and ultimately affects sperm formation.