• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.32 no.1A
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• pp.11-18
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• 2012

This paper deals with the numerical determination of the stress intensity factors of cracked aluminum plates under the mixed mode of $K_I$ and $K_{II}$ in glass-epoxy fiber reinforced composites. For the stress intensity factors, two different models are reviewed such as VCCT and two-step extension method. The p-convergent partial layerwise model is adopted to determine the fracture parameters in terms of energy release rates and stress intensity factors. The p-convergent approach is based on the concept of subparametric element. In assumed displacement field, strain-displacement relations and 3-D constitutive equations of a layer are obtained by combination of 2-D and 1-D higher-order shape functions. In the elements, Lobatto shape functions and Gauss-Lobatto technique are employed to interpolate displacement fields and to implement numerical quadrature. Using the models and techniques considered, effects of composite laminate configuration according to inclined angles and adhesive properties on the performance of bonded composite patch are investigated. In addition to these, the out-of-plane bending effect has been investigated across the thickness of patch repaired laminate plates due to the change of neutral axis. The present model provides accuracy and simplicity in terms of stress intensity factors, stress distribution, number of degrees of freedom, and energy release rates as compared with previous works in literatures.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.47-50
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• 2015

PURPOSE. This study aimed to discover a way to increase the bond strength between bis-acryl resins, using a comparison of the shear bond strengths attained from bis-acryl resins treated with light curing, pressure, oxygen inhibition, and heat. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Self-cured bis-acryl resin was used as both a base material and as a repair material. Seventy specimens were distributed into seven groups according to treatment methods: pressure - stored in a pressure cooker at 0.2 Mpa; oxygen inhibition- applied an oxygen inhibitor around the repaired material,; heat treatment - performed heat treatment in a dry oven at $60^{\circ}C$, $100^{\circ}C$, or $140^{\circ}C$. The shear bond strength was measured with a universal testing machine, and the shear bond strength (MPa) was calculated from the peak load of failure. A comparison of the bond strength between the repaired specimens was conducted using one-way ANOVA and Tukey multiple comparison tests (${\alpha}$=.05). RESULTS. There were no statistically significant differences in the shear bond strength between the control group and the light curing, pressure, and oxygen inhibition groups. However, the heat treatment groups showed statistically higher bond strengths than the groups treated without heat, and the groups treated at a higher temperature resulted in higher bond strengths. Statistically significant differences were seen between groups after different degrees of heat treatment, except in groups heated at $100^{\circ}C$ and $140^{\circ}C$. CONCLUSION. Strong bonding can be achieved between a bis-acryl base and bis-acryl repair material after heat treatment.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.38-44
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• 2017

PURPOSE. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of surface treatments on microtensile bond strengths (MTBSs) of two types of indirect resin composites bonded to a conventional direct resin composite. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Indirect resin composite blocks of Ceramage and SR Nexco were prepared in a plastic mold having a dimension of $10{\times}10{\times}4\;mm$. These composite blocks were divided into three groups according to their surface treatments: Group1: Sandblast (SB); Group2: Sandblast and ultrasonically clean (SB+UL); Group3: Sandblast plus silane (SB+SI). After bonding with direct resin composite, indirect-direct resin composite blocks were kept in distilled water for 24 hours at $37^{\circ}C$ and cut into microbars with the dimension of $1{\times}1{\times}8\;mm$. Microbar specimens (n = 40 per group) were loaded using a universal testing machine. Failure modes and compositions were evaluated by SEM. The statistical analyses of MTBS were performed by two-way ANOVA and Dunnett's test at ${\alpha}=.05$. RESULTS. Surface treatments and brands had effects on the MTBS without an interaction between these two factors. For SR Nexco, the MTBSs of SB and SB+SI group were significantly higher than that of SB+UL. For Ceramage, the MTBSs of SB and SB+SI were significantly higher than that of SB+UL. The mean MTBS of the Ceramage specimens was significantly higher than that of SR Nexco for all surface treatments. CONCLUSION. Sandblasting with or without silane application could improve the bond strengths of repaired indirect resin composites to a conventional direct resin composite.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.357-362
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• 2018

Background The most common complication after tendon repair is the development of adhesion, with subsequent rupture. Methods In this study, we present a new method in which the tendon healing contact surface is increased to reduce these complications. The tendons of chickens in groups 1, 3, and 5 were transversely cut and repaired with in the traditional fashion with double-modified Kessler method and 5/0 polypropylene. In the other groups, 3 mm of the tendon was removed from the proximal half of the upper end and from the distal half of the lower end of the tendon, and they were repaired with the modified Kessler method. The tendons of the chickens in groups 1 and 2 were evaluated immediatelly after surgery. Groups 3 and 4 were evaluated at 4 weeks after surgery. Groups 5 and 6 were evaluated at 6 weeks. Results Increases in transient inflammation and connective tissue formation were observed more clearly in the group treated with the new method in histopathological investigations at weeks 4 and 6. The stretching test showed statistically significant differences between groups 3 and 4 (P<0.05) and groups 5 and 6 (P<0.05). Conclusions When repairing tendons with the new method, the healing surface increases and the direction of collagen fibers at the surface changes. Because of these effects, the strength of the tendon healing line increases; we therefore expect that this technique will enable patients to safely engage in early active exercise after the operation, with less risk of tendon rupture.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.22-32
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• 2020

PURPOSE. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microshear bond strength (µSBS) of four computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) blocks repaired with composite resin using three different surface treatment protocols. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Four different CAD/CAM blocks were used in this study: (1) flexible hybrid ceramic (FHC), (2) resin nanoceramic (RNC), (c) polymer infiltrated ceramic network (PICN) and (4) feldspar ceramic (FC). All groups were further divided into four subgroups according to surface treatment: control, hydrofluoric acid etching (HF), air-borne particle abrasion with aluminum oxide (AlO), and tribochemical silica coating (TSC). After surface treatments, silane was applied to half of the specimens. Then, a silane-containing universal adhesive was applied, and specimens were repaired with a composite, Next, µSBS test was performed. Additional specimens were examined with a contact profilometer and scanning electron microscopy. The data were analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey tests. RESULTS. The findings revealed that silane application yielded higher µSBS values (P<.05). All surface treatments were showed a significant increase in µSBS values compared to the control (P<.05). For FHC and RNC, the most influential treatments were AlO and TSC (P<.05). CONCLUSION. Surface treatment is mandatory when the silane is not preferred, but the best bond strength values were obtained with the combination of surface treatment and silane application. HF provides improved bond strength when the ceramic content of material increases, whereas AlO and TSC gives improved bond strength when the composite content of material increases.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.165-175
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• 1997

This paper aims to prove the effects of Squalene (SQ) on the cellular toxicity of 5-FU to the mouse which pretreated with SQ and then treated with 5-FU. The results of the group A (treated with only 5-FU) are as follows. The nucleus was destroyed at 24 hours and 48 hours group, however, somewhat repaired at 72 hours group. The dilated inner cavity and the irregular lamellae of the rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (RER) were observed continually until 72 hours group. The inner cavity of the smooth surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (SER) were dilated in all groups. However, the destroyed and the normal membrane were observed simultaneously at 72 hours group. The inner membrane of the mitochondria were almost repaired at 96 hours group. The results of the group B (treated with 5-FU and squalene) are as follows. The nucleus was a little influenced by the toxicity of 5-FU at 24 hours and 48 hours, RER were observed to keep the typical lamella structure of cisternae from 24 to 72 hours group, but inner cavity kept on dilating. In SER, inner cavity were also observed to flatten from 24 to 72 hours group. Mitochnodria were always shown normal. All cell organelles were simillar to those of normal groups at 96 hours. Accordingly, it can be said that the treatment of 50 prevents the cytotoxicity of 5-FU on cell organelles of liver cell and that is concerned with the formation of membrane system of cell organelles.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.93-109
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• 1997

Finding a right repair material for furcation perforation is one of the major issues in clinical endodontics. In this experiment, three materials, calcium sulfate, amalgam, and calcium hydroxide were tested for perforated furcation repair. Sixty premolars and molars of five dogs were used. A #4 round bur was used to create the perforation. All experimental teeth were divided into two repair-time groups. One was immediate-repair group, where the perforation was repaired immediately, the other was delayed-repair group, where the perforation was left open for four weeks and then repaired with the same manner as in the immediate-repiar group. All chamber openings were sealed with amalgam and then radiographed. The animals were sacrificed at eighth week following the repair procedure. Radiographic evaluation for furcal bone destruction was done. Histologic evaluation was ranked as 0,1,2,3 according to the inflammation degrees. New bone formation was also recorded. The following conclusions were drawn within the limits of the experimental results: 1. In immediate-repair group, no significant differences existed between the materials. 2. In delayed-repair group, calcium sulfate showed significantly less furcal bone destruction and lower inflammation degree than amalgam.(p<0.05) 3. Overextruded specimens showed more severe inflammation than unextruded specimens. 4. Most of the specimens showed certain degrees of inflammatory reaction and incomplete hard tissue healing. 5. In delayed-repair group, treated group showed less inflammation than untreated control group.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.610-626
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• 1995

Perforations especially in the furcations during endodontic treatment have notably detrimental effect on prognosis. The purpose of this study was to compare radiographically and histologically the sealing ability and the tissue responses of amalgam, Ketac-Silver, IRM, Vitapex, and mineral trioxide aggregate(MTA) used to repair furcation perforations. Thirty two experimental furcation perforations were created in the mandibular premolars of 6 mongrel dogs and immediately repaired with experimental materials. The animals were sacrificed after 16 weeks and radiographic and histopathologic results were evaluated. The following conclusions were drawn within the limits of the experimental results; 1. All materials tested in this experiment revealed a certain degree of extrusion into the periodontal space. 2. Both amalgam and Ketac-Silver showed the greatest degree of inflammation and bone resorption(p<0.0001). There was no significant difference between the amalgam and Ketac-Silver groups. 3. Both IRM and Vitapex showed a markedly milder degree of inflammatin and less bone resorption than amalgam or ketac-siver(p<0.00005). both IRM and vitapex showed the same respone. 4. MTA showed the least degree of Inflammation and bone resorption(p<0.05). The results of this experiment indicate that among the different materials tested, MTA appeared to be the best material for sealing furcation perforations, although the radiographic and histopathologic differences between the MTA and Vitapex groups were not statistically significant. But further studies with a larger sample are needed to have the exact conclusions.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.95-104
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• 2019

PURPOSE. To evaluate the effect of surface treatments and repair materials on the shear bond strength and to measure the fracture toughness of CAD/CAM provisional restoration materials. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Four CAD/CAM (3D printing: Nextdent C&B and ZMD-1000B Temporary, CAD/CAM resin block: Yamahachi PMMA disk and Huge PMMA block) and four conventional (monometacrylate: Jet and Alike, dimetacrylate: Luxatemp and Protemp 4) materials were selected to fabricate disk-shaped specimens and divided into six groups according to surface treatment (n=10). CAD/CAM materials were repaired with Jet or Luxatemp, while conventional materials were repaired with their own materials. The shear bond strength was measured by using universal testing machine. Ten rectangular column-shaped specimens for each material were fabricated to measure the fracture toughness by single edge v notched beam technique. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA. RESULTS. The highest shear bond strength of CAD/CAM materials was achieved by SiC paper + sandblasting. It was also accomplished when repairing 3D printing materials with Luxatemp, and repairing CAD/CAM resin blocks with Jet. Yamahachi PMMA disk showed the highest fracture toughness. Nextdent C&B showed the lowest fracture toughness value but no statistically significant difference from Alike and Luxatemp (P>.05). CONCLUSION. In order to successfully repair the CAD/CAM provisional restoration, mechanical surface treatment and appropriate repair material according to the CAD/CAM material type should be selected. The CAD/CAM provisional materials have proper mechanical properties for clinical use as compared to conventional materials.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.305-314
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• 2022

PURPOSE. The aim of this study was to evaluate the flexural strength of a 3D-printed denture base resin (Cosmos Denture), after different immediate repair techniques with surface treatments and thermocycling. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Rectangular 3D-printed denture base resin (Cosmos Denture) specimens (N = 130) were thermocycled (5,000 cycles, 5℃ and 55℃) before and after the different repair techniques (n = 10 per group) using an autopolymerized acrylic resin (Jet, J) or a hard relining resin (Soft Confort, SC), and different surface treatments: Jet resin monomer for 180 s (MMA), blasting with aluminum oxide (JAT) or erbium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser (L). The control group were intact specimens. A three-point flexural strength test was performed, and data (MPa) were analyzed by ANOVA and Games-Howell post hoc test (α = 0.05). Each failure was observed and classified through stereomicroscope images and the surface treatments were viewed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). RESULTS. Control group showed the highest mean of flexural strength, statistically different from the other groups (P < .001), followed by MMA+J group. The groups with L treatment were statistically similar to the MMA groups (P > .05). The JAT+J group was better than the SC and JAT+SC groups (P < .05), but similar to the other groups (P > .05). Adhesive failures were most observed in JAT groups, especially when repaired with SC. The SEM images showed surface changes for all treatments, except JAT alone. CONCLUSION. Denture bases fabricated with 3D-printed resin should be preferably repaired with MMA+J. SC and JAT+SC showed the worst results. Blasting impaired the adhesion of the SC resin.