• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.237-247
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• 2018

The basin characteristics reflect the attributes of geomorphological pattern of basin and stream networks affect the rainfall-runoff. In order to analyze the relationship between the basin runoff and stream morphometric characteristics, the morphometric characteristics were investigated for 27 water-level observation stations on 19 rivers in the Han River basin using Arc-map. The morphometric characteristics were divided into linear, areal and relief aspects for calculation while the annual mean runoff ratio as a basin response by rainfall was estimated using the measured precipitation and discharge to analyze the rainfall-runoff characteristics. The correlation among the morphometric parameters were schematized to analyze the correlations among them. The multiple regression equation for rainfall-runoff ratio was provided with morphometric parameters of stream length ratio, form factor ratio, shape factor, stream area ratio, and relief ratio and the coefficient of determination was 0.691. The RMSE and MAPE between the measured and the estimated annual runoff rates were found as 0.09, 11.61% respectively, the suggested regression equation showed good estimation.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.49-64
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• 2022

This study aims to investigate unmet healthcare needs due to economic or non-economic difficulties among the elderly aged 65 or older. Using Korea Health Panel Survey (KHPS) data from 2018, the elderly are classified into one of four groups (health insurance subscribers, non-take-up, lower income relief, and medical aid recipients) based on their level of medical vulnerability. For hospital or dental care, the prevalence rates of unmet healthcare needs due to economic and non-economic difficulties are 12.6% and 10.6%, respectively. The prevalence rate of unmet healthcare needs due to economic difficulty in the medically vulnerable group was much higher than that of the non-vulnerable group-that is, health insurance subscribers. After controlling for other influential factors, medical vulnerability has a great impact on the prevalence rates of unmet healthcare needs due to economic difficulties. Compared to health insurance subscribers, the non-take-up, the lower relief, and the medical aid recipients are 1.4 times, 3.3 times, and 2.4 times more likely to experience unmet healthcare needs due to economic difficulty, respectively. The results of this study can provide important policy implications for securing essential healthcare resources for the elderly.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.519-524
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• 2011

The correlation between alcoholic fermentation rate, measured as carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) evolution, and the rate of hydrogen sulfide ($H_2S$) formation during wine production was investigated. Both rates and the resulting concentration peaks in fermentor headspace $H_2S$ were directly impacted by yeast assimilable nitrogenous compounds in the grape juice. A series of model fermentations was conducted in temperature-controlled and stirred fermentors using a complex model juice with defined concentrations of ammonium ions and/or amino acids. The fermentation rate was measured indirectly by noting the weight loss of the fermentor; $H_2S$ was quantitatively trapped in realtime using a pre-calibrated $H_2S$ detection tube which was inserted into a fermentor gas relief port. Evolution rates for $CO_2$ and $H_2S$ as well as the relative ratios between them were calculated. These fermentations confirmed that total sulfide formation was strongly yeast strain-dependent, and high concentrations of yeast assimilable nitrogen did not necessarily protect against elevated $H_2S$ formation. High initial concentrations of ammonium ions via addition of diammonium phosphate (DAP) caused a higher evolution of $H_2S$ when compared with a non-supplemented but nondeficient juice. It was observed that the excess availability of a certain yeast assimilable amino acid, arginine, could result in a more sustained $CO_2$ production rate throughout the wine fermentation. The contribution of yeast assimilable amino acids from conventional commercial yeast foods to lowering of the $H_2S$ formation was marginal.

• Journal of Cadastre & Land InformatiX
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.207-224
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to review the various valuation techniques of intangible assets. The value of intangible asset by the income approach can be measured as the present value of the economic benefit over the intangible asset's remaining useful life. The typical methods used in intangible asset economic income projections include extrapolation method, life cycle analyses, sensitivity analyses, simulation analyses, judgment method, and tabula rasa method. There are several methods available for estimating capitalization rates and discount rates for intangible asset, in which we have discussed market extraction method, capital asset pricing model, built-up method, discounted cash flow model, and weighted average cost of capital method. As the capitalization methods for intangible asset, relief-from-royalty method, excess earnings capitalization method, profit split method, residual from business enterprise method, postulated loss of income method and so on have been reviewed.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.212-233
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• 2024

This is a retrospective review of surgical management for primary lymphedema. Data were extracted from 55 articles from PubMed MEDLINE, Web of Science, SCOPUS, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials between the database inception and December 2022 to evaluate the outcomes of lymphaticovenous anastomosis (LVA) and vascularized lymph node transfer (VLNT), and outcomes of soft tissue extirpative procedures such as suction-assisted lipectomy (SAL) and extensive soft tissue excision. Data from 485 patients were compiled; these were treated with LVA (n = 177), VLNT (n = 82), SAL (n = 102), and excisional procedures (n = 124). Improvement of the lower extremity lymphedema index, the quality of life (QoL), and lymphedema symptoms were reported in most studies. LVA and VLNT led to symptomatic relief and improved QoL, reaching up to 90 and 61% average circumference reduction, respectively. Cellulitis reduction was reported in 25 and 40% of LVA and VLNT papers, respectively. The extirpative procedures, used mainly in patients with advanced disease, also led to clinical improvement from the volume reduction, as well as reduced incidence of cellulitis, although with poor cosmetic results; 87.5% of these reports recommended postoperative compression garments. The overall complication rates were 1% for LVA, 13% for VLNT, 11% for SAL, and 46% for extirpative procedures. Altogether, only one paper lacked some kind of improvement. Primary lymphedema is amenable to surgical treatment; the currently performed procedures have effectively improved symptoms and QoL in this population. Complication rates are related to the invasiveness of the chosen procedure.

• Proceedings of the KWS Conference
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• v.43
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• pp.141-143
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• 2004

The experimental simulation welds using 3kinds of 70ksi titania based flux-cored consumables were performed on 24 inches 24.6-thick API 5L Gr. B pipe with relatively high current, over 300A and four different Post Weld Heat Treaonent(PWHT) conditions at $625^{circ}C$ were applied to each consumable test coupon. It is well known that, in common welding processes such as Submerged Arc Welding(SAW) or Flux Cored A.c Welding(FCAW), the cooling rates in as-deposited weld bead are normally so ,apid that actual precipitation of microalloy carbonitrides, Nb(C,N) or V(C,N) is not likely to occur in the as-welded weld metal, however, during stress relief or PWHT the operation of precipitation can reduce the impact properties of the weld metal. As results of mechanical testing, it is concluded that PWHT at $625^{circ}C$ is detrimental to weld metal impact toughness of Ti-B type flux- cored (FC) welding consumables regardless of the amount of Nb and V, but two optima were exhibited, one at 800ppm Ti, 75ppm 5 and another 360ppm Ti, 54ppm 5.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.265-269
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• 2013

Background: Transforaminal epidural steroid injections are known to reduce inflammation by inhibiting synthesis of various proinflammatory mediators and have been used increasingly. The anti-inflammatory properties of opioids are not as fully understood but apparently involve antagonism sensory neuron excitability and pro-inflammatory neuropeptide release. To date, no studies have addressed the efficacy of transforaminal epidural morphine in patients with radicular pain, and none have directly compared morphine with a tramadol for this indication. The aim of this study was to compare morphine and tramadol analgesia when administered via epidural injection to patients with lumbar radicular pain. Methods: A total of 59 patients were randomly allocated to 1 of 2 treatment groups and followed for 3 months after procedure. Each patient was subjected to C-arm guided transforaminal epidural injection (TFEI) of an affected nerve root. As assigned, patients received either morphine sulfate (2.5 mg/2.5 ml) or tramadol (25 mg/0.5 ml) in combination with 0.2% ropivacaine (1 ml). Using numeric rating scale was subsequently rates at 2 weeks and 3 months following injection for comparison with baseline. Results: Both groups had significantly lower mean pain scores at 2 weeks and at 3 months after treatment, but outcomes did not differ significantly between groups. Conclusions: TFEI of an opioid plus local anesthetic proved effective in treating radicular pain. Although morphine surpassed tramadol in pain relief scores, the difference was not statistically significant.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.135-139
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• 2014

A nationwide nutrition survey began when the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) requested assistance from international relief organizations in 1997 due to flooding in 1995-1996, followed by the worsening food shortage peak in 1997. According to reported data for the 15 years since the active intervention and assistance from international societies, the malnutrition and mortality rates of children in the DPRK have improved. However, the prevalence of the stunting reported in the latest 2012 report is 27.9%, which is still a moderate-severe level, and worrisome in terms of international standards. In particular, the prevalence in Ryangangdo, which is regarded as the worst region in the DPRK, is 39.6%, which is a very high level of stunting. To alleviate such regional deviation will be a major task for future assistance. In addition, one cannot emphasize too highly the importance of early nutritional assistance for pregnant women and infants, considering that the recovery from stunted growth is low after two years of age, and the aftereffects would continue for the rest of their lives.

• Journal of Aerospace System Engineering
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.7-13
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• 2014

In order to enable fail-safe operation the electro-hydrostatic actuators can be dualized. When a symmetrical actuator is combined in series with an asymmetrical actuator with single rod cylinder, the flow rates of their cylinders are unmatched. If their position controller has same configuration, one of their pumps can supply too much flow rate under particular load conditions, which should be bypassed into low pressure side e.g. by a relief valve. In this paper it is shown how the hydraulic circuit for the asymmetrically combined electro-hydrostatic actuator can be designed without sacrificing power consumption.

• Integrative Medicine Research
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.195-219
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• 2015

Acupuncture therapy has been proved to be effective for diverse diseases, symptoms, and conditions in numerous clinical trials. The growing popularity of acupuncture therapy has triggered the development of modern acupuncture-like stimulation devices (ASDs), which are equivalent or superior to manual acupuncture with respect to safety, decreased risk of infection, and facilitation of clinical trials. Here, we aim to summarize the research on modern ASDs, with a focus on featured devices undergoing active research and their effectiveness and target symptoms, along with annual publication rates. We searched the popular electronic databases Medline, PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science, and analyzed English-language studies on humans. Thereby, a total of 728 studies were identified, of which 195 studies met our inclusion criteria. Electrical stimulators were found to be the earliest and most widely studied devices (133 articles), followed by laser (44 articles), magnetic (16 articles), and ultrasound (2 articles) stimulators. A total of 114 studies used randomized controlled trials, and 109 studies reported therapeutic benefits. The majority of the studies (32%) focused on analgesia and pain-relief effects, followed by effects on brain activity (16%). All types of the reviewed ASDs were associated with increasing annual publication trends; specifically, the annual growth in publications regarding noninvasive stimulation methods was more rapid than that regarding invasive methods. Based on this observation, we anticipate that the noninvasive or minimally invasive ASDs will become more popular in acupuncture therapy.